Assessment of genetic diversity of Stephania rotunda Lour. collected in Northern Vietnam using RAPD and ISSR markers
Thi Thao Ninh, Tien Phat Nguyen, Huyen Trang Dang, Ha Duc Chu, Truong Son Dinh, Xuan Canh Nguyen, Thi Dung Pham, Thanh Hai Nguyen, Thi Hue Nong*
Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
Centre for Horticultural Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Australia
Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
Abstract: Stephania rotunda Lour. is a valuable traditional medicinal plant that is in danger of extinction. This research aimed to examine the genetic relationship of 32 Stephania rotunda Lour. accessions collected in Vietnam by using RAPD and ISSR markers. 14 RAPD and 14 ISSR primers successfully detected 163 loci of which 133 (80.19%) were polymorphic and a total of 3047 scorable bands were obtained. The 14 RAPD markers produced 1346 scorable bands, 89.63% of which were polymorphic while 14 ISSR primers resulted in 1701 bands, 70.76% of which were polymorphic. The RAPD primers showed a mean PIC of 0.3 and Rp value of 2.28 while the average PIC and Rp indexes for ISSR markers were 0.20 and 1.47, respectively. UPGMA dendrogram obtained from cluster analysis of RAPD and ISSR combined data grouped 32 accessions into five clusters at 76% variation with Jaccard's similarity coefficient varying from 0.586 to 0.951. Moreover, principal component analysis was also used to determine genetic relationships among 32 collected accessions. The results showed high genetic dissimilarity among 32 Stephania rotunda Lour. Correlation analysis between the matrices of similarity coefficient was measured using Mantel’s test. A moderate correlation value (r = 0.543) between RAPD vs ISSR matrices, but the strong correlation value between RAPD and pooled data (r = 0.930) and between ISSR and combined matrices (r = 0.814) were obtained, suggesting a combination of RAPD and ISSR markers appears to be productive in studying the genetic variance in Stephania rotunda Lour. Our results could provide a solid foundation for further conservation management and breeding programs of Stephania rotunda Lour.
Submitted: 18/01/2024 | Revised: 22/04/2024 | Accepted: 24/04/2024
Pages 374-381 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| Supplementary Data PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.07.pne19
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Physiological and sanitary quality of sorghum seeds under the effect of oxalic and salicylic acid
Gemerson Machado de Oliveira, Jardel da Silva Souza*, Alex Sandro Bezerra de Sousa, Mirelly Miguel Porcino, Luciana Cordeiro do Nascimento, Eduardo Felipe da Silva Santos, Matheus Siqueira de Oliveira, Sandra Helena Unêda-Trevisoli
Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, s/n - Dois Irmãos, Recife - PE, 52171-900, Brasil
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV) - Campus de Jaboticabal- Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/ n - C.P. 14.870-900 - Jaboticabal, SP- Brasil
Empresa de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural do Ceará, Brasil
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Escola Agrícola de Jundiaí – EAJ, RN 160, KM 03 - Distrito de Jundiaí CEP 59280-000 | Macaíba/RN - Brasil
Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB)- Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA) - 12 Rodovia, PB-079, 58397-000- Areia - PB, Brasil
Abstract: Sorghum is one of the world's most important cereal crops, but it is susceptible to several diseases, particularly fungal diseases, with seeds being the main vehicle for dissemination. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of salicylic acid (SA) and oxalic acid (OA) on the physiological and sanitary quality of sorghum seeds. The seeds of Sorghum bicolor (L.) were immersed for 1 hour in solutions of OA (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mM) and SA (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mM). A treatment with Captan® fungicide was also used, and the control group was immersed in distilled H2O for 1 hour. Variables from seed vigor tests and fungal incidence tests were evaluated. The control group showed the highest germination rate. However, among the treatments, the doses of 1 mM OA and 0.5 mM SA resulted in higher germination in the first germination count. The application of 1 mM OA and both doses of SA (0.5 mM and 1 mM) promoted a greater seedling vigor index (GVI). Seeds treated with 1 mM OA and doses of 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2.0 mM SA, as well as those treated with fungicide, had the highest emergence rates, and with 1.5 mM SA, the highest length of the longest root (LVEI). Seedlings from seeds treated with 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM SA and with 0.5 and 1.5 mM had the highest coleoptile length (CPA). The 0.5 mM dose of SA reduced the incidence of Aspergillus flavus, and the doses of 2 mM OA and 1, 1.5, and 2 mM SA reduced the incidence of Rhizopus stolonifer to 0%. SA provided the best physiological and health effects for sorghum seeds, making it the best treatment.
Submitted: 28/09/2023 Revised: 25/04/2024 Accepted: 09/05/2024
Pages 382-387 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.07.pne-29
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Thermal sum accumulated in development stages of tomato crop for industrial processing
Fábio Miguel Knapp, José Alves Júnior*, Rafael Battisti, Ricardo Souza Bezerra, Adão Wagner Pêgo Evangelista, Derblai Casaroli, Fillipe de Paula Almeida
School of Agronomy, Department of Soil and Water, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Zip code 74.690.900, Goiania, Goiás, Brazil
Abstract: Tomato crop for industrial processing is very sensitive to weather variations. Therefore, the objective of this research was to quantify the duration (days and thermal sum) of each developmental stage of different hybrids in two different planting date. For this, 12 commercial hybrids were evaluated: H-1301, BS-P0033, CVR-8161, HM-7885, CVR-6116, HM-7883, H-1536, CVR-2909, TPX-26856, CVR-8126, CTI-35 and N-901, in Abadia de Goiás, Brazil, planted on 03/31/2020 and 05/26/2020. Experimental area with 3,120 m2, 4 blocks with 12 experimental plots each (12 hybrids), and each plot, formed by 3 double planting lines of 10 m, spaced 0.6 m x 1.2 m, with plants every 0.37 m, totaling 27 plants per line and 162 plants per plot. Plant phenology was monitored daily: phase I (planting to set), phase II (set to flowering), phase III (flowering to beginning of maturation) and phase IV (IVa beginning of maturation up to 50% of mature fruits and phase IVb (from 50% to 90% of mature fruits). The results show, on average of all hybrids, thermal sum of 1,394 and 1,364 oC obtained in 124.6 and 116.1 days of cycle, in first and second cycle, respectively. In first cycle, there was a difference in thermal sum between the hybrids in stage IV and in total cycle, which hybrids BS-P0033, CVR-8161, HM-7885, HM-7883, CVR-2909 and TPX-26856 accumulated from 81.29 to 112.88 oC in 6 to 9.3 days to complete maturation, while other hybrids accumulated from 122.85 to 148.11 oC in 10.3 to 13 days. The hybrids BS-P0033, CVR-8161, HM-7885 and HM-7883 had a shorter total cycle duration from 1,334.21 to 1,379.98 oC (119 to 123 days), while other hybrids variated of 1,391.45 to 1,437.05 oC (124.3 to 129 days). The stages of setting, vegetative and beginning of maturation up to 50% of ripe fruits, showed variation in thermal sum and duration of phase, depending on planting date. For the first cycle, the duration of average vegetative stage was 21.7% longer, accumulating 34.1% more oC, compared to the second cycle, providing greater plant height (43.8%) and higher productivity (19.8%). This shows that is need to change irrigation management strategy between transplanting date and crop development stages, making irrigation adjustments by thermal sum and not by number of days for development stage.
Submitted: 05/11/2023 Revised: 11/01/2024 Accepted: 24/04/2024
Pages 388-394 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.07.pne-42
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Trade-offs between grain number, grain weight and fruiting efficiency of different bread wheat genotypes in response to anthesis drought stress
Hanane Ouhemi* and Ali Amamou
Laboratory of Agronomy, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Settat, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Avenue Ennasr, BP 415 Rabat Principale, 10090, Morocco
Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Settat, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Avenue Ennasr, BP 415 Rabat Principale, 10090, Morocco
Abstract: Cereal crops in Morocco are mainly cultivated under rainfed conditions of dryland regions. Under these conditions, they are mostly exposed to drought stress that affects different yield components. We studied the effect of anthesis drought stress on the relationships among the components of grain number (GN), thousand grains weight (TGW), fruiting efficiency (FE) and yield. And we examined fruiting efficiency (FE= grains set per g of spike dry weight at anthesis) as promising trait for further increasing yield without compromising yield components. Greenhouse experiments were conducted on 2019/2020, 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 cropping seasons. Two contrasting water regimes, irrigated and stressed treatments at anthesis growth stage were assessed. Results showed that anthesis drought stress affects negatively all components studied. Substantial decrease of 10%, 16%, 9% and 34% were recorded for GN, TGW, FE, and yield, respectively, under water stress compared to irrigated treatments. Two genotypes, namely 15/42 and Achtar, were found to be the most adapted to both stressed and irrigated conditions. Under stressed conditions yield becomes less correlated with GN (r = 0.36) and FE (r = 0.37) and more correlated with TGW (r = 0.56*). GN becomes less correlated with FE (r = 0.02) and TGW (r = -0.14). While, FE becomes more correlated with TGW (r = 0.73*). To the extent of this study, FE was found as promising selection criterion under stress conditions without compromising TGW component.
Submitted: 07/11/2023 Revised: 26/01/2024 Accepted: 24/04/2024
Pages 395-400 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.07.pne-43
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Genetic diversity and population structure of a modified three-way tomato hybrids for determining fruit size traits
Stephen I. Nnungu*, Michael I. Uguru
Department of Botany, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Abstract: The assessment of genetic diversity and genetic structure of crops has a vital impact on the plant breeding program, including the characterization, use and conservation of genetic material. The genetic diversity and genetic structure of a set of 94 F3 tomato hybrids were assessed with 25 polymorphic SNP markers of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying fruit size in tomatoes using Sequenom Mass ARRAY system. A total of 50 alleles were amplified and the average polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.2220. Nei's genetic distance ranged from 0 to 0.62. Therefore, single nucleotide sequence (SNP) markers detected a significantly high degree of polymorphism in tomato hybrids. Cluster analysis using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean methods (UPMA) indicated that the tomato hybrids studied are grouped into four main groups, which is to some extent consistent with the size, shape and number of locules of the tomatoes studied. Analysis of population structure with SNP markers revealed three subpopulations. Association mapping using 25 SNP markers detected 9 markers with a significant association with mean fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, number of locules, and fruit shape index. The nine markers detected in this study are recommended for the tomato fruit size improvement breeding program.
Submitted: 07/11/2023 Revised: 18/03/2024 Accepted: 24/04/2024
Pages 401-407 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| Supplementary Data PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.07.p3994
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Convolutional neural network as an efficient alternative to supervised learners for modelling plant diseases
Sridevy Sridarane, Nirmala Devi Muthusamy, Hema Bharathi Chinnaswamy, Kumaresan Palaniyappan, Djanaguiraman Maduraimuthu, Natarajan Balakrishnan*
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Department of PS & IT, Coimbatore 641 003, India
Abstract: The high productivity of the agricultural sector is crucial to the Global economy, as well as the national economy, for instance, India increased its nation's GDP by a factor of 17% to 18% in the past few decades. In India, the farming sector is the primary source of income. Numerous insects and illnesses have an impact on plant development, amount, and quality of products. Therefore, it is crucial to find the diseases early in the plant's development. Image processing is used to identify plant diseases and pests. Artificial intelligence, machine learning, and visual analysis have all been used in the past few decades to find and diagnose plant diseases. These computerized techniques are excellent for quickly monitoring vast acreage. In this study, we used the foliage of potato plants to identify diseased leaves affected by early blight, as well as late blight. A Comparison is thus laid between the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) Model for this purpose, and the standard Supervised Learning Classifiers, like k – Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machine, AdaBoost, etc. The comparison is subjected not only towards the traditional Metrics, like Accuracy, Precision, etc. but is expanded to temporal domains as well, that is the time taken to compute the results. Also, the training, and testing split used while incorporating the model is another deciding factor in its performance. Several such training–testing splits are considered for such, and thereby, the convolutional Neural Network Model is found to be better in performance than the Supervised Machine Learners irrespective of the Splitting Ratio of the Training, and the Testing Data.
Submitted: 02/10/2023 Revised: 29/11/2023 Accepted: 07/02/2024
Pages 408-415 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.07.p4037
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Harnessing the potential of tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) for food and nutritional security, good health, and economic development of Ghana or Africa. A review
Samuel Novor* and Esther Fobi Donkor
Department of Horticulture and Crop Production, School of Agriculture and Technology, University of Energy and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 214, Sunyani, Bono Region, Ghana
Abstract: Tiger nuts (Cyperus esculentus L.) offer significant benefits for food security, health, and economic growth, particularly in Ghana and Africa. As a nutritious food source, they are rich in dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals such as iron, potassium, and magnesium. Additionally, they contain healthy unsaturated fats and phytochemicals like flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins, which combat inflammation, cancer, and act as antioxidants. Beyond their health benefits, tiger nuts have economic potential. They can be processed into value-added products like milk, flour, oil, and snacks. These products find markets both locally and internationally, aiding the economies of tiger nut-producing countries. They offer an alternative sweetener and dairy substitute, beneficial for those with lactose intolerance. Tiger nuts also contribute to agricultural sustainability. Their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen improves soil fertility and crop productivity, benefiting small-scale farmers in developing countries. This can help reduce poverty and enhance food security. Despite these advantages, further research and investment are necessary to fully understand their health impacts and optimize cultivation and processing methods. Such efforts can promote tiger nut production and consumption, particularly in poorer nations, leading to sustainable development and improved livelihoods for farmers and communities. This review aims to highlight how tiger nuts (Cyperus esculentus L.) can enhance food security, health, and economic growth in Ghana and Africa. Tiger nuts are a valuable food source with untapped potential. This review examines the nutrition, health benefits, and economic impact of tiger nuts, especially for small-scale farmers and food availability. This paper underscores the importance of further research and investment in promoting tiger nuts as a valuable resource for Ghana, Africa, and the world.
Submitted: 29/09/2023 Revised: 22/11/2023 Accepted: 07/02/2024
Pages 416-424 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.07.p4074
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Maintenance of post-harvest antioxidant quality in ‘Niagara Rosada’ grape using salicylic acid
Francisco José Domingues Neto*, Adilson Pimentel Junior, Lilian Massaro Simonetti, Lenon Romano Modesto, Fernando Ferrari Putti, Cristine Vanz Borges, Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima, Marco Antonio Tecchio
Department of Horticulture, School of Agronomy, São Paulo State University, 18618 000, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
Centro Universitário das Faculdades Integradas de Ourinhos, 19900 080, Ourinhos, São Paulo, Brazil
Federal University of Santa Catarina, Road Admar Gonzaga, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
São Paulo State University, Tupã, Postal Code 17602-496, SP, Brazil
Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, 18618 000, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
Abstract: Salicylic acid is a plant growth regulator used in grapes to maintain postharvest quality. ‘Niagara Rosada’, a table grape, although much appreciated for its flavor, has a short shelf life. We evaluated the influence of postharvest application of different doses of salicylic acid on the quality of ‘Niagara Rosada’ after harvest in an effort to control rates of berry drop and decay, as well as to maintain the quality of grape bunches during refrigerated storage. Freshly harvested bunches of ‘Niagara Rosada’ (Vitis labrusca x V. vinifera) were immersed in salicylic acid solutions at concentrations of 0.0, 0.28, 0.55, 0.83, and 1.10 g L-1, and then refrigerated (5 ± 1 °C and 95 ± 5 % RH) for 20 days. Physical and chemical analyses of grapes were performed at 5-day intervals. Salicylic acid maintained the postharvest quality of ‘Niagara Rosada’ grapes throughout storage. The lowest concentration of salicylic acid (0.28 g L-1) effectively induced the synthesis of phenolic compounds and improved the antioxidant capacities of both grapes and stems. High levels of salicylic acid (0.83 and 1.10 g L-1) resulted in an increase in anthocyanin content in fruit and enzyme activities (peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) in stems, enhancing conservation and reducing levels of decay and berry drop.
Submitted: 11/12/2023 Revised: 07/03/2024 Accepted: 07/05/2024
Pages 425-433 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.07.pne-67
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Influence of pre-inoculation of soybean seeds with Bradyrhizobium 15 days before sowing
Wilson Story Venancio, Eduardo Gilberto Dallago, Gislaine Martins Slusarz, Ibraian Valério Boratto, Vanessa Nathalie Modesto Boratto, Ana Carolina Leite, Rebeca Cuenca, Aline Ratuchne*
CWR Pesquisa Agrícola, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
Nova do Brasil, Londrina, PR, Brazil
Abstract: Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for the soybean cultivation, which can be fully supplied by the biological nitrogen fixation process. This study evaluated the effectiveness of pre-inoculation of soybean seeds with the inoculant Biofix Protec (Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens SEMIA 5080 and Bradyrhizobium japonicum SEMIA 5079, 5x109 UFC/mL), accompanied by cell protector and chemical treatment. Four trials were done in Brazilian states during the soybean harvest 2021/2022, following a randomized complete block design with six replications. The cultivars used were TMG 7067 IPRO Inox, BRS 245 RR, N 7780 PRO, and Extrema IPRO, chosen according to the characteristics of each region. The treatments were: T1- Control, without inoculation; T2- Fertilization with 200 kg/ha of nitrogen; T3- Inoculation with commercial inoculant (50 mL/50 kg of seeds) on the day of sowing; T4- Biofix Protec (100 mL/50 kg of seeds), cell protector (0.5 mL/kg), Potenzial TS (0.2 mL/kg) and CoMo Platinum (100 mL/ha), all applied 15 days before planting. The results indicated that the application of Biofix Protec 15 days before planting increased the nodulation of the main root and the dry mass of nodules. The pre-inoculation of Biofix Protect, with protective agents and chemical treatments, demonstrated comparable efficacy to the inoculation carried out at the time of sowing and increase in yield between 4.8-11%, compared to the control, being statistically equivalent or superior to the commercial inoculant available in the market, applied on the day of sowing. The use of Biofix Protec favored nodulation and enhanced productivity, being recommended for the treatment of soybean seeds in agricultural production systems.
Submitted: 09/04/2024 Revised: 17/07/2024 Accepted: 26/07/2024
Pages 434-441 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.07.pne-170