AJCS 18(07):388-394 (2024) ISSN:1835-2707
https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.07.pne-42
Thermal sum accumulated in development stages of tomato crop for
industrial processing
Fábio Miguel Knapp, José Alves Júnior*, Rafael Battisti, Ricardo Souza
Bezerra, Adão Wagner Pêgo Evangelista, Derblai Casaroli, Fillipe de
Paula Almeida
School of Agronomy, Department of Soil and Water, Federal University
of Goiás (UFG), Zip code 74.690.900, Goiania, Goiás, Brazil
Abstract: Tomato crop for industrial processing is
very sensitive to weather variations. Therefore, the
objective of this research was to quantify the duration
(days and thermal sum) of each developmental stage
of different hybrids in two different planting date. For
this, 12 commercial hybrids were evaluated: H-1301,
BS-P0033, CVR-8161, HM-7885, CVR-6116, HM-
7883, H-1536, CVR-2909, TPX-26856, CVR-8126,
CTI-35 and N-901, in Abadia de Goiás, Brazil,
planted on 03/31/2020 and 05/26/2020.
Experimental area with 3,120 m
2
, 4 blocks with 12
experimental plots each (12 hybrids), and each plot,
formed by 3 double planting lines of 10 m, spaced
0.6 m x 1.2 m, with plants every 0.37 m, totaling 27
plants per line and 162 plants per plot. Plant
Submied:
05/11/2023
Revised:
11/01/2024
Accepted:
24/04/2024
Full Text PDF
phenology was monitored daily: phase I (planting to
set), phase II (set to flowering), phase III (flowering to
beginning of maturation) and phase IV (IVa beginning
of maturation up to 50% of mature fruits and phase
IVb (from 50% to 90% of mature fruits). The results
show, on average of all hybrids, thermal sum of
1,394 and 1,364
o
C obtained in 124.6 and 116.1 days
of cycle, in first and second cycle, respectively. In first
cycle, there was a difference in thermal sum between
the hybrids in stage IV and in total cycle, which
hybrids BS-P0033, CVR-8161, HM-7885, HM-7883,
CVR-2909 and TPX-26856 accumulated from 81.29
to 112.88
o
C in 6 to 9.3 days to complete maturation,
while other hybrids accumulated from 122.85 to
148.11
o
C in 10.3 to 13 days. The hybrids BS-P0033,
CVR-8161, HM-7885 and HM-7883 had a shorter
total cycle duration from 1,334.21 to 1,379.98
o
C
(119 to 123 days), while other hybrids variated of
1,391.45 to 1,437.05
o
C (124.3 to 129 days). The
stages of setting, vegetative and beginning of
maturation up to 50% of ripe fruits, showed variation
in thermal sum and duration of phase, depending on
planting date. For the first cycle, the duration of
average vegetative stage was 21.7% longer,
accumulating 34.1% more
o
C, compared to the
second cycle, providing greater plant height (43.8%)
and higher productivity (19.8%). This shows that is
need to change irrigation management strategy
between transplanting date and crop development
stages, making irrigation adjustments by thermal
sum and not by number of days for development
stage.
Keywords:
Solanum lycopersicum
; tomato cultivation; degrees day;
temperature; brazilian savanna.
Introduction
The tomato (
Solanum lycopersicum
) is one of the most cultivated
vegetables in the world. It is present daily in the diet of the world
population and has great socioeconomic importance (Schwarz et al.,
2013). In Brazil, tomato cultivation for industrial processing is
concentrated in the Center-West and Southeast regions of the
country. The state of Goiás is the largest producer, with an estimated
area of 10 thousand hectares (IBGE, 2019).
To optimize tomato cultivation it is necessary to take into account
genetic factors (hybrids), planting times and management (fertilization
and irrigation), which affect the productivity (Silva et al., 2020). When
choosing genetic material, the main factors to consider are the length
of the cycle, the concentration of soluble solids, the color and acidity
of the fruit, as well as resistance to diseases and pests (Silva et al.,
2006). Tomato production is also strongly dependent of environment,
and crop cycle can vary in days, depending of genotypic
characteristics and local weather conditions (Rocco and Morabito,
2016), mainly due to variations of air temperature. Air temperature
influences tomato plants growth and development, altering crop
phenology (Pathak and Stoddard, 2018), affecting growth rate, crop
cycle length and productivity (Floss, 2011).
In the state of Goiás (center of Brazil), tomatoes for industrial
processing are planted from February (end summer) to June
(beginning winter) and harvested from July (winter) to October
(spring). Early plantings in February and March are restricted by high
air humidity, which causes phytosanitary problems. Late plantings, in
June and July, receive rain during harvest period, which reduces the
quality of the fruit and increases the difficulty of mechanized
harvesting (Giordano and Silva, 2000).
Planting from February to March results in a cycle that is
approximately 15 days longer than planting from June to July. This is
due to lower temperatures during June and July, prolonging the crop
cycle (Silva et al., 2006). Therefore, in second plantings, producers
should opt for hybrids with greater thermal accumulation
requirements, in order to relatively prolong the cycle, increasing plant
height and leaf area index, minimizing productivity losses. Due to
these interactions between environment, planting date and hybrid,
different management strategies should be used to maximize the use
of resources.
As rainfall decreases from March onwards in Goiás, tomato crop
receives irrigation, mainly by central pivot, in all or part crop cycle. For
irrigation management, reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop
coefficient (Kc) suggested by FAO 56 and Embrapa were used (Allen,
et al., 1998; Silva et al., 2006). Kc values vary according to crop's
development stage, however, operationally there is a difficulty in
determining the exact change in the stage of development, which
varies between planting seasons and hybrids, mainly due to air
temperature, and consequently causes errors in use of Kc which
commonly follows a prefixed duration in days (Pathak and Stoddard,
2018), leading to errors in crop irrigation management (Alves Jr. et al.,
2021).
Thus, given the scarcity of information about it, the aim this study was
to determine the thermal sum and duration of each development
stage of 12 tomato hybrids for industrial processing, grown in two
planting seasons, and identify the main variation causes.
Results and Discussion
Weather data
For the first planting, the average air temperature was 21.07 °C during
crop cycle, varying from 8.60 to 32.50 °C (Figure 1A). The
accumulated global solar irradiance was 2,292 MJ m
-2
cycle
-1
(Figure
1A), accumulated rainfall was 211.8 mm cycle
-1
, occurring in the first
week after planting, irrigation total was 209.6 mm cycle
-1
, and the
average ETo was 2.94 mm day
-1
. For the second planting the average
air temperature was 21.84 °C, varying from 8.06 to 35.70 °C,
accumulated global solar irradiance of 2283 MJ m
-2
(Figure 1B),
accumulated rainfall of 0 mm and irrigation of 258.2 mm, and average
ETo of 3.55 mm day
1
.
Thermal sum
For the first planting, in phase I (planting to set), there was no
statistical difference between 12 hybrids, with an average
accumulated of thermal sum of 108.1 °C, varying from 91 to 120.2 °C,
in an average of 7.2 days, varying from 6 to 8 days (Table 2),
confirming Marouelli and Silva (2002), who found an average of 7 days
to phase I, varying from 6 to 9 days. To stage II (set to flowering),
there was no difference between 12 hybrids, with an average
accumulated of thermal sum (12 hybrids) of 381.4 °C, varying from
347 to 450.9 °C, in an average of 32 days, varying from 29 to 38 days
(Table 2). The duration of phase II was from 6 to 11 days longer than
reported by Marouelli and Silva (2002), who obtained from 23 to 27
days in phase II, but for different hybrids.
For reproductive stage, phase III (flowering to beginning of
maturation), 12 hybrids had an average accumulated of thermal sum
of 530.7 °C, varying from 438.7 to 576 °C, in an average of 49.8 days,
varying from 41 to 54 days (Table 1). Marouelli and Silva (2002) found
from 50 to 60 days in phase III. To phase Iva (beginning of maturation
up to 50% of mature fruits) average accumulated of thermal sum was
259.6 °C, varying from 205.8 to 330.6 °C, in an average of 26.2 days,
from 21 to 33 days (Table 1).
The hybrids BS-P33, CVR-8161, HM-7885 and HM-7883 had lowest
thermal accumulated thermal sum, statistically different from other
hybrids, which varied from 1,365.14 to 1,379.98 °C (total cycle), in
121.5 to 123 days. However, the highest average accumulated of
thermal sum were hybrids H-1301, CVR-6116, H1536, CVR-2909,
TPX-26856, CVR-8126, CT-35 and N-90, with 1,391.4 to 1,437.0 °C
(total cycle), in 124.3 to 129 days. The lowest yields were obtained
with hybrids CTI-35 and H-1536, intermediate yields with hybrids H-
1301, CRV-6116 and N-901, and the highest yields with hybrids: HM-
7885, CVR-2909, CVR-8126, TPX-26856, HM7883, BS-P33. The
hybrids with highest yields also had lowest accumulated thermal sum,
except to TPX-26856 and CRV-8126.
For the second plantings, there was no significant difference in
duration of development stages to 12 hybrids. To phase I, average
accumulated of thermal sum was 73.9 °C in 7.7 days (Table 2). To
phase II, average accumulated of thermal sum was of 284.4 °C in 26.3
days. To phase III, average accumulated of thermal sum was of 552.3
°C in 50.5 days. To phase IVa was of 322 °C in 23.4 days, and phase
IVb (from 50% to 90% of mature fruits) was of 130.5 °C in 8.2 days,
totalizing 1364.7 °C (varying from 1311.5 to 1398.7 °C) in 116.1 days
(varying from 113 to 118 days) (Table 2). These results are in line with
those reported by Marouelli and Silva (2002), who found similar
results to different hybrids.
To second planting, average yield was 123.73 t ha
-1
(Table 3.2), above
national average yield of 71.9 t ha
-1
(FAO, 2017). The hybrid with
highest yield in second planting was CVR-8161 with 140.56 t ha
-1
,
which did not differ of hybrids BS-P33, HM-7885, HM-7883, TPX-
26856, CVR-2909 and CVR-8126. The hybrid with lowest yield was
CTI-35 with 106.91 t ha
-1
(Table 2).
When analyzing the seasons (first and second planting), there was a
significant difference in duration of phases I, II and IVa and total crop
cycle (Appendix 4). To phase I, average accumulated of thermal sum
was of 108.1 and 73.9 °C (12 hybrids) to first and second planting,
respectively (Table 3). The average of air temperature was 7 °C higher
in first than in second planting, 25.15 °C and 18 °C, respectively
(Figure 1), 3 °C higher than ideal air temperature, affecting young
plants development (Ayenan et al., 2019). To phase I, higher air
temperature and consequently a higher daily thermal accumulation,
associated with the initial stress due to transplanting, resulted in an
delay for young plants sprout new leaves, as reported by Andriolo et
al. (2003). The environmental stress caused by change in air
temperature and solar radiation affects the initial stage (phase I) until
it acclimatizes and prolongs crop setting stage.
To phase II, average accumulated of thermal sum was 381.4 °C in 32
days (First planting), and 284.4 °C in 26.3 days (Second planting). So
there was a significant difference between two seasons (Table 3). This
represents an increase of 34.1 and 21.7% in thermal sum and cycle
days, respectively. This increase is consequence of rainfall occurred in
first planting in beginning of phase II, and a reduction in solar
radiation on some days, associated with a lower average air
temperature (Figure 1, Table 3), causing increase crop cycle, as
reported by Lopes and Lima (2015). There was a greater vegetative
growth of plants with a 44.1% increase in plant height, a 13.5%
increase in the number of branches, an increase in the dry mass of
stems and branches of 73.4 and 46.9%, respectively, and a 19.8%
increase in productivity (Table 4), as reported by Ilic et al. (2014) and
Yang et al. (2019), who obtained higher tomato yields with an increase
in plant height and number of branches.
Figure 1. Daily solar irradiance (Rad), maximum air temperature (Tmax), average air temperature (Tmed) and minimum air
temperature (Tmin), lower basal temperature (Tb), upper basal temperature (TB), precipitaon/irrigaon and daily
evapotranspiraon for the rst growing season from March 31 to August 6, 2020 (A, C) and the second season from May 26 to
September 22, 2020 (B, D), Abadia of Goiás - GO, Brazil.
Table 1. Duraon in days of development stages (I: planng to seng; II: seng to owering; III: owering to beginning of
maturaon; IV: maturaon to harvest) of 12 industrial tomato hybrids, and accumulated thermal sum (GDA), in Abadia of Goiás-GO,
Brazil (planng on 31/03/2020, 1st planng).
Hybrid
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Phase IVa
Phase IVb
Total cycle
Yield
(t ha
-1
)
ST
Days
ST
Days
ST
Days
ST
Days
ST
Days
ST
Days
H-1301
106
7
380
32
496
47
135
29
123 b
10 b
1391 b
124 b
135 b
BS-P33
113
8
404
34
531
50
147
24
81 a
6, a
1365 a
122 a
147 a
CVR-8161
106
7
367
30
534
50
160
27
106 a
9 a
1380 a
123 a
160 a
HM-7885
113
8
360
30
546
51
190
26
86 a
7 a
1365 a
122 a
190 a
CVR-6116
106
7
372
31
528
50
140
27
137 b
12 b
1410 b
126 b
140 b
HM-7883
98
7
369
31
509
48
150
27
88 a
7 a
1334 a
119 a
150 a
H-1536
105
7
406
34
528
50
116
25
147 b
13 b
1430 b
128 b
116 c
CVR-2909
105
7
388
33
534
50
173
27
113 a
9 a
1405 b
126 b
173 a
TPX-26856
113
8
386
33
523
49
157
2
104 a
8 a
1393 b
125 b
157 a
CVR-8126
106
7
385
32
530
50
163
27
130 b
11 b
1419 b
127 b
163 a
CTI-35
106
7
381
32
561
53
109
25
148 b
13 b
1437 b
129 b
109 c
N-901
120
8
378
32
549
52
139
25
119 b
10 b
1408 b
126 b
139 b
Average
108
7,2
381
32
531
50
260
26
115
9
1394,9
124,6
148
Maximum
120
8,0
451
38
576
54
330
33
199
18
1446,8
130,0
228
Minimum
91
6,0
348
29
439
41
206
21
58
4
1321,9
118,0
87
Des. Pad.
14.4
1.0
23.6
2.2
34.4
3.3
30.8
2.9
36.9
3.7
37.6
3.8
27.18
CV (%)
13.3
13.8
6.2
6.7
6.5
6.6
11.8
11.2
32.0
39.3
2.7
3.0
12.99
ST = thermal accumulaon of phase; Days = Days of phase; Phase 1 = Planng to seng (when a new leaf has emerged and reached
4 cm in length); Phase 2 = Seng unl the beginning of reproducve period (more than 50% of plants with a ower at anthesis)
Phase 3 = Reproducve to beginning of maturaon (rst fruit with color change); Phase 4a = Beginning of maturaon to 50% of
mature fruit; Phase 4b = From 50% of mature fruit to 90% of mature fruit.
Table 2. Duraon, in days, of the development stages (I: planng to seng; II: seng to owering; III: owering to beginning of
maturaon; IV: maturaon to harvest) and producvity of 12 tomato hybrids for industry, in days accumulated thermal sum (GDA),
in Abadia de Goiás-GO (planng day 26/05/2020, 2nd planng).
Hybrid
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Phase IVa
Phase IVb
Total cycle
Yield.
(t ha
-1
)
ST
Days
ST
Days
ST
Days
ST
Days
ST
Days
ST
Days
H-1301
71
8
275
25
543
50
347
25
107
7
1343
115
117 b
BS-P33
66
7
293
27
561
51
300
22
115
8
1335
114
127 a
CVR-8161
77
8
284
26
551
50
353
26
119
7
1385
117
141 a
HM-7885
84
9
263
25
539
50
292
22
146
10
1335
115
137 a
CVR-6116
76
8
286
26
55
51
316
23
135
9
1371
117
115 b
HM-7883
77
8
292
27
528
49
338
25
127
8
1363
116
136 a
H-1536
7
8
299
28
537
49
339
25
120
8
1371
117
108 b
CVR-2909
66
7
293
27
546
50
331
24
149
9
1385
117
125 a
TPX-26856
66
7
280
26
574
52
300
22
151
10
1371
117
129 a
CVR-8126
84
9
270
25
536
50
361
26
134
8
1385
117
131 a
CTI-35
66
7
304
28
573
52
308
22
134
8
1385
117
107 b
N-901
79
8
275
26
582
53
285
21
129
8
1349
115
112 b
Average
74
8
284
26,3
552
51
323
23
131
8
1365
11
124
Maximum
101
10
314
29,0
613
55
421
30
210
13
1399
118
154
Minimum
56
6
219
21,0
441
42
238
18
60
4
1312
113
76
Des. Pad,
15.1
1.4
23.5
2.1
44.2
3.3
45.2
3.0
32.5
1.9
31.1
1.7
18.59
CV (%)
23.2
19.6
8.0
7.9
8.5
6.8
14.1
13.0
26.0
24.8
2.0
1.3
12.45
Days = Days of phase;;Stage 1 = Planng to seng (when a new leaf has emerged and reached 4 cm in length); Stage 2 = Seng
unl beginning of reproducve period (more than 50% of plants with a ower at anthesis); Stage 3 = Reproducve to beginning of
maturaon (rst fruit with color change); Stage 4a = Beginning of maturaon to 50% of mature fruit; Stage 4b = From 50% of
mature fruit to 90% of mature fruit.
Table 3. Average duraon of development stages (phase I: planng to seng; phase II: seng to owering; phase III: owering to
beginning of maturaon; phase IVa: beginning of maturaon to 50% of mature fruit; phase IVb: maturaon from 50% of fruit to
harvest) of 12 industrial tomato hybrids, in days accumulated thermal sum (GDA) in two planng seasons, in Abadia de Goiás-GO,
Brazil.
Seasons
Phase I
Phase II
PhaseIII
ST
Days
ST
Days
ST
Days
1
108 a
7
381 a
32 a
531
50
2
74 b
8
284 b
26 b
552
51
Seasons
Phase IVa
Phase IVb
Total cycle
ST
Days
ST
Days
ST
Days
1
260 b
26
115
10
1395
125 a
2
323a
23
131
8
1365
116 b
ST = thermal accumulaon of phase
To phase IVa, second planting had a greater average accumulated of
thermal sum of 322.6 °C (23.6 days), 24.3% more than 259.6 °C (26.2
days) in first planting. First planting was 2.6 days higher than second
planting, even though it accumulated less thermal energy, as reported
by Marouelli & Silva (2002) (Table 4).
In maturation stage (phase IVa), there was an increase of 3 °C in
average air temperature between first (20.4 °C) and second (23.4 °C)
planting, with maximum air temperature 34 °C, and an increase in
solar radiation of 3.8 MJ m
-2
day
-1
(Figure 1). Similar results, increase
in temperature of 14.7% and solar radiation of 20.7% in phase IVa
(Figure 1), was also report by Casaroli et al. (2018) and Leite et al.
(2020). As a consequence of the increase air temperature there was
also increase of accumulated th)ermal sum in 24.3% and shortened
crop cycle in 10.8% (in second planting). The high temperature with
greater incidence of solar radiation (Figure 1) in maturation phase
accelerated leaf senescence and reduced leaf retention (Table 1), as
also report by Goto et al. (2021). Excess of solar radiation in fruit
maturation stage cause greater leaf senescence. The greater leaf
senescence in second planting, fruit scalding occurred, reducing
quality and productivity in 16.6% (Table 1). Similar results was
reported by Silva et al. (2006), Ayenan et al. (2019) and Goto
et al. (2021), high air temperature and incidence of solar radiation in
phase IVa limited tomato productivity.
To phase III (longer phase) there was no difference in duration
between planting seasons (Table 3). This was probably due to average
air temperature found of 20.5 and 21 °C for first and second seasons
respectively (Figure 1). According to Ayenan et al. (2019), optimal
average air temperatures for tomato crop is between 18.5 and 21 °C
for reproductive stage.
The total thermal accumulation for the first planting was 1,394.9 °C in
124.6 days, and for second planting 1,364.7 °C in 116.1 days of cycle,
as report by Alves Jr. et al. (2021) to CVR-2909, N-901 HM-7885 H-
1301 hybrids. According to Pathak and Stoddard (2018), tomatoes for
industrial processing had a total cycle length of 1214 °C, in a varying
from 117 to 135 days, depending of planting season and
consequently of weather conditions. The same authors report of a
shortening of tomato phases in days with increasing temperatures,
without affecting thermal sum required to complete the cycle,
affecting fruits quality and total productivity.
Table 4. Average duraon of number of branches, plant height, number of fruits, dry mass of stem (DRStem), dry mass of branches
(DRBranches), dry mass of leaves (DRleaf), and producvity, in two planng seasons, in Abadia de Goiás-GO, Brazil.
Seasons
Branches
(und.)
Stem (cm.)
Fruits
(und.)
DRStem
(g)
DRBranches (g)
DRleaf
(g)
Yield
(t ha
-1
)
1
10.52 a
114.02 a
157.58 a
12.73 a
82.31 a
78.07 a
148.25 a
2
9.27 b
79.08 b
113.44 b
7.34 b
56.04 b
61.47 b
123.73 b
Averages followed by same leer in column do not dier by the Tukey’s test at a 5% probability of error.
Materials and Methods
Location, climate and soil
The study was carried out at Cargill's experimental station in Abadia
of Goiás - GO (16.8° S and 49.4° W, and elevation 887 m). The climate
is tropical (Aw), characterized by dry winter and rainy summer with
average annual of air temperature of 23.1 °C and average annual
rainfall of 1,414 mm, as classified by Köppen (Alvares et al., 2013).
The soil classification was Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico (EMBRAPA,
2006). Soil chemical analysis in 0.0 - 0.4 m layer showed before
planting: pH (CaCl2 ) = 5.9; MO = 24.0 g dm
-3
; P (Mehlich) = 3.05 mg
dm
-3
; Al = 0.0 mmolc dm
-3
; H+Al = 2.55 cmolc dm
-3
; K = 88.1 mg
dm
-3
; Ca = 2.7 cmolc dm
-3
; Mg = 0.7 cmolc dm
-3
; CTC = 5.52 cmolc
dm
-3
; V(%) = 53.66%; and soil physical characteristics: Sand = 55%;
Silt = 9.5% and Clay= 35.5% (sandy loam texture); with water retention
estimated at 1.5 mm cm
-1
.
Experimental setup
To correct soil fertility, 5 t ha
-1
of dolomitic limestone was distributed
by hand to raise base saturation to 70%, followed by sub-soiling to
0.5 m depth. The soil was then harrowed twice. Three months later,
the soil was harrowed twice, once for plowing and once for leveling.
For planting, the area was furrowed to 0.15 m depth, in double rows
spaced 0.60 x 1.20 m, with plants every 0.37 m. The seedlings were
transplanted on 31/03/2020 for 1st planting and on 26/05/2020 for
2nd planting. The seedlings were 45 days old in nursery of 12 tomato
hybrids for industrial processing: H-1301, BS-P0033, CVR-8161, HM-
7885, CVR-6116, HM-7883, H-1536, CVR-2909, TPX-26856, CVR-
8126, CTI-35 and N-901.
For basic fertilization at planting, 273 kg ha
-1
of potassium chloride
was applied, 1,000 kg ha
-1
of granulated MAP and 58 kg of zinc
sulphate in planting furrow. Top dressing was applied by fertigation
with 31 kg ha
-1
of MAP, 353 kg ha
-1
of ammonium nitrate, 419 kg of
potassium chloride, 242 kg of ammonium sulphate, 210 kg ha
-1
of
magnesium sulphate and 22 kg ha
-1
of boric acid. In addition to
fertilization, weed control and plant health management were carried
out as recommended by Cargill's agricultural department.
The trial was set up in a two-season randomized block design, with
12 hybrids and four replications, totaling 96 experimental plots. Each
plot consisted of 3 double planting lines of 10 m, spaced 0.6 m x 1.2
m, with plants every 0.37 m, totaling 27 plants per line and 162
plants per plot. A total of 150 plants were considered useful per plot,
with the first and last plants in each row considered a border. A 2 m
strip between blocks was used as a border to move around the area
and install the irrigation system.
The conventional sprinkler irrigation system was installed in the area
with impact sprinklers (Implebrás / IM35 / 4.0 x 2.5 mm / 35 mca /
1.7 m3 h
-1
/ 11.8 mm h
-1
, 80% efficiency) spaced 12 x 12 m, between
sprinklers on the lateral irrigation line and between lateral lines,
respectively.
For irrigation, 15 mm was applied before (the day before) and 5 mm
on the day
-1
immediately after transplanting until setting. During the
first 5 days of cycle, irrigation was carried
out daily and, thereafter, when the soil water depletion was close to
40% of storage. To calculate soil water storage, 1.5 mm cm
-1
, and
effective root depths of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 m were considered for phases
I, II and III/IV, respectively.
Irrigation was managed by replacing crop's evapotranspiration,
obtained by the product of reference evapotranspirations (ETo)
obtained by Penman-Monteith (Allen et al., 1998). Estimated using
data from Metos automatic weather station which monitored solar
radiation, wind speed, temperature and relative humidity, installed 50
m from experimental area. The crop coefficients (Kc) used were those
recommended by Marouelli and Silva (2002) and Marouelli et al.
(2012), with Kc of 0.9 in phase I (planting to setting), Kc of 0.65 to 1.1
in phase II (setting to flowering), Kc of 1.1 in phase III (flowering to
maturation), Kc of 1.1 to 0.35 in phase IVa (beginning maturation of
first fruit until 50% fruit mature), and Kc of 0.35 in phase IVb (50%
fruit mature until harvest).
Plants measurements and thermal sum calculation
To monitor phenology, 10 plants were randomly selected and
identified in each experimental plot and evaluated daily. The phases
included: phase I (planting to setting) - setting was considered when a
new leaf was issued and reached 4 cm in length; phase II (setting to
flowering) - flowering was considered when more than 50% of the
plants had flowers at anthesis; phase III (flowering to maturation) -
the beginning maturation was considered when was observed change
color of the first fruit; phase IV was divided into phase IVa (beginning
maturation of first fruit until 50% fruit mature) and phase IVb (50%
fruit mature to 90% of fruit mature / harvest).
The daily thermal sum was determined considering daily air
temperature data from weather station, and the lower basal
temperature (Tb) of 10 °C and the upper basal temperature (TB) of 34
°C, by reported by Pivetta et al. (2007) and Palaretti et al. (2012), and
the Degree Days (GDi /) were obtained using the following equations
(Ometto, 1981):
For days when TB > TMax > Tmin > Tb:
GD
i
(°C) =
(TMax+Tmin)
2 − 𝑇𝑏
When TB > TMax > Tb > Tmin:
GD
i
(°C)=
(TMax - Tb)
2
2(TMax-Tmin)
When Tb > TMax:
GD
i
= 0
When TMax > TB > Tmin > Tb:
GD
i
(°C)=
2.(TMax- Tmin) . (Tmin - Tb)+(TMax - Tmin)
2
- (TMax - TB)
2.(TMax - Tmin)
When TMax > TB > Tb > Tmin:
GD
i
(°C) =
1
2
.
(TMax -Tb)
2
- (TMax - TB)
2
(TMax -Tmin)
where: GDi is the sum of degree days of the day in °C, TMax and Tmin
represent the maximum and minimum temperature of the day,
respectively, in °C, Tb and TB represent lower and upper basal
temperatures, respectively, in °C.
In end of crop cycle, fruit was harvested for yield analysis, counting:
number of fruits per plant, branches per plant and plant height (main
stem). The fruit, branches, main stem and remaining leaves were
packed in paper bags and dried in oven at 60°C until constant mass to
determine yield and dry plant biomass.
Statistical analysis
The data obtained was subjected to analysis of variance using the F
test individually and jointly, at 5% probability of error level using the
GENES program, and when significant, means were compared by Scott
and Knott test, at a 5% probability of error level (Cruz, 2013).
Conclusion
To first planting (March) there was difference in average thermal sum
and cycle length in days between 12 hybrids evaluated, being the
shortest cycle BS-P33, CVR-8161, HM-7885 and HM-7883 varying
from 1365.14 to 1379.98 °C in 121.5 to 123 days, while the longest
cycle H1301, CVR-6116, H1536, CVR-2909, TPX-26856, CVR-8126,
CT-35 and N-901 varying from 1391.45 to 1437.05 °C in 124.3 to
129 days.
To second planting (May) there was no difference between 12 hybrids,
with an average of 1364.7 °C in 123.73 days of cycle.
The main phases influenced by transplanting time (planting season)
were phases II and IV (vegetative phase and mature fruit, respectively),
influenced mainly by average air temperature. This shows that there is
a need to change irrigation management strategy to each planting
season, making irrigation adjustments taking into account the
accumulated thermal sum and not the number of days pre-set for
each development stage.
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