Machine learning in agriculture: Estimation of soybean yield in a Southern region of Brazil
Roney Peterson Pereira, Luciana Pagliosa Carvalho Guedes, Miguel Angel Uribe-Opaz, André Luiz Brun, Jean Carlos Cardoso*
Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE), Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Engineering, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE), Computer Science Collegiate, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil
Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Department of Statistics, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
Abstract: Agriculture is one of the most relevant economic sectors in Brazil, and corresponds to more than 20% of the Brazilian GDP. Currently, technologies applied to agriculture have provided the emergence of big data. In this context, machine learning techniques (MLT) are high-performance tools to understand, quantify and identify trends in agricultural areas. This study employed MLT to predict soybean yield in a commercial area located in the western region of Paraná State, Brazil, characterized by a humid subtropical climate (Cfa, Köppen), Dystroferric Red Latosol soil with clayey texture, and gently undulating relief, in order to optimize agricultural practices and maximize yields. The study area is characterized by a mesothermic and superhumid climate (Cfa, Köppen) and a Dystroferric Red Latosol with clayey texture. For this, information on soil chemical properties, rainfall and soybean yield were used, considering 7 crop years from 2012 to 2023. Random Forest (RF), Generalized Boosted Regression Modeling, Support Vector Regression (SVR), K-Nearest Regressor and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) were compared. In this initial analysis, the RF and SVR models stood out as the most effective in predicting soybean yield, but did not present significant differences (5% probability) in the root of the mean quadratic error (RMSE) and the Mann-Whitney U test. It was identified that the soil’s iron and potassium content were the most important covariables associated with soybean yield. In a second analysis, the inclusion of monthly accumulated rainfall data during the soybean harvest led to improvements in soybean forecasting, as indicated by the metrics analyzed. The best results were obtained by the RF and KNR algorithms. Because the RF algorithm presented the lowest RMSE values (0.568 and 0.446) and the highest coefficient of determination (R²) (0.724 and 0.824) in both analyses, we applied the algorithm to the 2022/2023 crop year forecast and compared the results with actual crop year data. The results of this comparison are presented in Post-Plots and scatter plots. The results of this study have important implications, allowing more adequate forecasts of soybean yield and assisting farmers in decision making.
Submitted: 27 July 2025 | Revised: 21 October 2025 | Accepted: 05 June 2026
Pages 587-597 | Full Text PDF| Read Article| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.26.20.08.pne86
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Optimizing semi-arid wheat production through synergistic water and nitrogen management: Boosting yield, grain quality, and nitrogen use efficiency
Fatima Zahra Ben Debbane*, Aziz Baidani, Rachid Aboutayeb, Ali Amamou
Research Unit of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Conservation, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Settat, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Settat 26000, Morocco
Laboratory of Agrifood and Health, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan First University of Settat, Settat 26000, Morocco
Sustainable Management of Natural Resources Research unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Settat, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Avenue Ennasr, BP 415 Rabat Principale, 10090 Rabat, Morocco
ORCID iD: 0009-0003-2682-6011
Abstract: Bread wheat production in semi-arid Moroccan regions is challenging, due to water scarcity and inefficient nitrogen use. Consequently, optimizing water and nitrogen management is crucial to ensure sustainable yield and quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of varying nitrogen fertilizer rates and environment-specific irrigation regimes on the performance of the Moroccan bread wheat cultivar, focusing on yield, Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE), and grain quality. A randomized complete block design with three replicates was conducted across three INRA experimental stations: Sidi El Aidi (drip-irrigation), Merchouch (rainfed), and Afourar (gravitational: surface) irrigation. Three nitrogen rates were tested (N0: 0%; N1: 50% and N2: 100% of the recommended dose). The assessment included yield parameters, components of NUE, and grain and stem protein content. Under drought conditions, applying 50% of recommended nitrogen dose with supplemental drip irrigation, significantly improved yield components. Compared to rainfed and gravitational irrigation, drip irrigation enhanced grain yield by 78.24% and 62.50%, biomass by 59.96% and 61%, and grain number per m² by 45.43% and 75.00%, respectively. Nitrogen input mainly enhanced grain quality and NUE. Although higher nitrogen rates increased protein content, they significantly reduced NUE regardless of the irrigation regimes. Notably, NUE under drip irrigation was 65.6% and 109.0% higher than under rainfed and gravitational irrigation. Combining drip irrigation with 50% reduced nitrogen fertilizer is optimal for wheat yield, NUE, and quality under semi-arid conditions. This integrated strategy supports sustainable wheat production in water- and nitrogen-limited environments, promoting efficient resource use.
Submitted: 08 August 2025 | Revised: 08 November 2025 | Accepted: 03 January 2026
Pages 598-611 | Full Text PDF| Read Article| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.26.20.08.pne98
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Agronomic performance and yield of Crambe abyssinica hochst. in lowlands conditions at varying sowing seasons
Panozzo L. E, Silva M, Dörr C. S, Pinto L. B, Melo A. C., Maia L., Machado R. P. , Simionato M., Araujo T., Spinelli V. M., Magano D.A.
Federal University of Pelotas, Capão do Leão-RS, Brazil. CEP 96160-000
Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR), Boa Vista–RR, Brazil. CEP 69310-000
Abstract: Crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst), a species of the Brassicaceae family native to the Mediterranean region, is cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas and stands out for its short growing season, reaching physiological maturity in approximately 90 days. Its seeds contain a high oil content rich in erucic acid, used in the production of lubricants, anti-corrosives, and biodiesel, making it a promising alternative for industrial purposes. Despite its potential, few studies have been conducted on Crambe cultivation in southern Brazil, especially in floodplain areas. This study evaluated the development and productivity of the cultivar FMS Brilhante in Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, considering four sowing dates: June 13, July 16, August 16, and September 24, 2019. The experiment was conducted in a randomised complete block design with four replicates in a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement (four seed lots and four sowing dates). Plant height, stem diameter, number of branches and seeds per plant, and productivity (kg ha⁻¹) were evaluated. The best results occurred with sowing on June 13, with productivity exceeding 3,000 kg ha⁻¹, demonstrating its suitability for maximizing production in this region.
Submitted: 12 August 2025 | Revised: 21 May 2026 | Accepted: 10 June 2026
Pages 612-618 | Full Text PDF| Read Article| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.26.20.08.pne99
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Cowpea cultivar 'Manteiguinha' shows increased yield under combined treatment with bioinoculants, mineral fertilizers and organic amendment
Rayane do Nascimento Souza, Deyvielen Maria Ramos Alvez, Rodrigo Batista Pinto, Marcelo Laranjeira Pimentel, Mateus Alvez de Sousa, Ludyanne da Silva Sousa, Túlio Silva Lara, Adão de Pires Almada, Ulisses Sidnei da Conceição Silva, Eliandra Freitas Sia, Rogerio Rangel Rodrigues, Gabriel Brito Costa, Iolanda Maria Soares Reis*
Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Western Pará, Santarém, PA, Brazil
Department of Agricultural Production Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
Institute of Water Science and Technology, Federal University of Western Pará, Santarém, PA, Brazil
Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Pará (IFPA, Santarém, PA, Brazil
Abstract: Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is an important crop for food security. However, its yield is limited by low technology adoption and high production costs, mainly due to fertilization requirements. In this study, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to examine yield-enhancing strategies for cowpea cultivar 'Manteiguinha'. Seeds were sown in pots containing Yellow Latosol. Six treatments were evaluated, as follows: control, mineral fertilizer, biofertilizer, inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp., inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. + mineral fertilizer, and inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. + biofertilizer. Plants were evaluated for plant height, stem diameter, grain number per pod, pod length, pod weight per plant, hundred grain weight, shoot dry weight, and grain yield. The results show that inoculated plants have greater height, whereas biofertilizer-treated plants exhibited increased shoot dry weight and grain number per pod. Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. + mineral fertilizer treatment resulted in increased yield compared to the control (p<0.05). Correlation analysis showed positive relationships between yield and shoot dry weight and between grain number per pod and hundred grain weight. Overall, these findings indicate that combined application of organic amendments and bioinoculants is a promising strategy to enhance the yield of cowpea 'Manteiguinha', contributing to the sustainability of cowpea cropping systems.
Submitted: 18 September 2025 | Revised: 28 May 2026 | Accepted: 29 May 2026
Pages 619-626 | Full Text PDF| Read Article| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.26.20.08.pne134
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Sacch5A1a489bp: Candidate molecular marker associated with smut tolerance in modern sugarcane genotypes
Bruna Sisti Michelan de Polli, Luiz Gustavo da Mata Borsuk, Hugo Zeni Neto, Maria de Fátima Pires da Silva Machado, Adriana Gonela, Claudete Aparecida Mangolin
Genetics and Plant Breeding, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil
Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil
Department of Agronomy, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil
Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil
Abstract: Sugarcane smut, which is caused by the fungus Sporisorium scitamineum, is one of the most detrimental diseases affecting the sugarcane crop and has been shown to significantly reduce productivity. Evidence indicates that chromosome 5 is the main origin of most resistance gene analogs (RGAs) involved in pathogenic responses in modern sugarcane cultivars. The present study aimed to identify RGAs that segregate according to the presence of smut, with the goal of using them as molecular markers associated with tolerance. A total of 81 RGAs from S. spontaneum were selected; these RGAs were previously characterized by the presence of conserved regions or sequences similar to the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain, indicating their potential roles in plant defense. From these sequences, 147 primer pairs were designed and hybridized in silico with 77 of the selected RGAs, of which 18 pairs were subsequently evaluated in vivo. Sequencing of the 489-bp amplicon and subsequent genomic analyses indicated that the Sacch5A1a locus may be a strong candidate molecular marker associated with sugarcane smut tolerance, which was supported by in silico and in vivo findings in the contrasting genotypes analyzed: RB86-7515 (tolerant) and LCP85-384 × MP (susceptible).
Submitted: 13 October 2025 | Revised: 25 January 2026 | Accepted: 29 January 2026
Pages 627-635 | Full Text PDF| Read Article| Supplementary Data xlsx| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.26.20.08.pne154
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Sustainable improvement of salt-tolerant rice through somaclonal variation: Discovery of BR3 as a promising line
Md. Abunasar Miah, Most. Ummay Salma Khatun, Afshana Parven*, Shamsul H. Prodhan, Abrar Hossain Chowdhury, Md. Hammadul Hoque, A.S.M. Faisal, Ayesha Akter, Md. Nur Islam
Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (BGE), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Noakhali Science and Technology University (NSTU), Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh
Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI), Regional Station, Chandina, Comilla, Bangladesh
Social Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (GEB), School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST), Sylhet-3114, Bangladesh
ORCID ID: 0000-0003-0415-101X
Abstract: Salinity in saline soil is the world's biggest problem, especially in Bangladesh's coastal areas. This problem can be solved by developing salt-tolerant rice somaclones from BRRI Dhan-47, a moderately salt-tolerant rice cultivar, as explants. Rice embryos were cultured on the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing various concentrations of plant growth regulators (2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D), Kinetin (Kin), and Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)). Varying levels of NaCl concentration (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM) were used to induce callus formation to find the best salt-tolerant rice calli. The highest callus induction rate (92%) was achieved using MS medium with 3 mg L−1 2, 4-D, 0.5 mg L−1 Kin, 1 mg L−1 NAA, and 50 mM NaCl. Embryogenic calli were transferred approximately 4-6 weeks later to regeneration media supplemented with Kin, benzyladenine (BA), and NAA, and subjected to NaCl concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM to assess salt tolerance. The somaclone designated BR3 exhibited optimal regeneration at 50 mM NaCl in media containing 2.5 mg L−1 Kin and 1 mg L−1 NAA. Next, BR3 somaclone was transplanted into the pot soil containing 50 mM NaCl to evaluate viability for 30 days. The BR3 somaclones showed better performance in callus induction, regeneration efficiency, and growth under salinity stress compared to the mother plant. These results represent a significant step toward sustainable rice cultivation and food security in salt-affected areas and suggest the potential for further application of somaclonal variation in the development of stress-tolerant crops.
Submitted: 24 October 2025 | Revised: 05 June 2026 | Accepted: 20 June 2026
Pages 636-644 | Full Text PDF| Read Article| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.26.20.08.pne158
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Forced flushing of branch segments and induction of primary somatic embryogenesis on mature Moroccan Cork Oak (Quercus suber L.) tree
Safaâ Rahmouni*, Lamarti Ahmed
Laboratory of plant biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
AVAPAM, 93030 Tetouan, Morocco
Abstract: The present work aimed to study the induction of primary somatic embryogenesis in Moroccan cork oak (Quercus suber L.) using expanding leaves from epicormic shoots derived from crown branch segments. Branches were cut to obtain cuttings 20 cm in length. Cuttings were classified into five classes according to their diameter and cork thickness and were cultivated under controlled conditions to promote budbreak and epicormic shoot development. Budbreak occurred after 13 days and lasted 32 days, with cuttings longevity of 45 days (from the first day of cuttings cultivation until the last day of budbreak). Cuttings diameter influenced the percentage of budbreak, the mean number of buds per cutting, the mean length of shoots, the mean number of leaves per shoot, and the mean number of leaves per cutting. In general, large diameter cuttings (14.21 and 74.58 mm) with cork provided the best results. Primary somatic embryogenesis was successfully induced; however, the frequency of responsive leaves was generally low. This limitation was overcome by establishing secondary somatic embryogenesis, resulting in continuous and unlimited embryo production. These results highlight expanding leaves of epicormic shoots derived from cuttings as a promising explant source for somatic embryogenesis and vegetative propagation strategies in cork oak.
Submitted: 08 November 2025 | Revised: 21 February 2026 | Accepted: 14 May 2026
Pages 645-655 | Full Text PDF| Read Article| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.26.20.08.pne166
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Effect of different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid on rooting and development of Piper nigrum L.
Basílio Cerri Neto, Vinicius de Souza Oliveira*, Fernando Gomes Hoste, Janyne Soares Braga Pires, Ana Júlia Câmara Jeveaux-Machado, Pietra de Souza Rodrigues, Thayanne Rangel Ferreira, Jeane Crasque, Johnatan Jair de Paula Marchiori, Simone Alves Fernandes, Antelmo Ralph Falqueto, Edilson Romais Schmildt, Carla da Silva Dias, Lúcio de Oliveira Arantes, Enilton Nascimento de Santana, Sara Dousseau-Arantes*
Federal University of Espírito Santo- Center for Human and Natural Sciences, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
Capixaba Institute of Research, Technical Assistance and Rural Extension, Linhares, ES, Brazil
Federal University of Espírito Santo, North University Center of Espírito Santo, São Mateus, ES -Brazil
Homeoplant LTDA., Pinheiros, ES-Brazil
Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the effects of different doses of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on the formation of Piper nigrum cultivar Kottanadan seedlings in relation to photosynthesis, anatomy, and dry mass accumulation. Cuttings used as propagation material were collected from mother plants approximately three years old. The treatments consisted of applying different doses of IBA: 0, 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 mg L⁻¹. After immersion in IBA, the cuttings were planted in 280 cm³ tubes for 90 days. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications, five plants per plot, totaling 100 plants. At the end of the experiment, analyses of chlorophyll 'a' fluorescence, shoot dry mass, root system dry mass, and leaf, stem, and root anatomy were performed. After being subjected to different concentrations of IBA, the plants remained photosynthetically active, as evidenced by the characteristic polyphasic increase in OJIP curves. Higher initial fluorescence (Fo) was observed in plants subjected to concentrations of 1500 and 2000 mg L⁻¹. There was an increase in the k band (ΔVOJ), with a positive amplitude in plants subjected to concentrations of 1500 and 2000 mg L⁻¹. Regarding the L band (ΔVOk), there was an increase and a positive amplitude in plants subjected to 1000, 1500, and 2000 mg L⁻¹. Furthermore, the anatomical structures showed differences in relation to the different IBA concentrations to which the plants were subjected. Regarding dry mass accumulation, a greater dry mass was observed in the leaves of plants subjected to 1500 mg L⁻¹, with no difference between the others. For stem mass, there was no significant difference between the concentrations. However, root dry mass was higher at concentrations of 1500 and 2000 mg L-1. Therefore, exogenous application of IBA promoted improvements in photosynthesis, conducting tissue, and dry mass accumulation; however, these improvements are observed only at mild concentrations. Concentrations of 1500 and 2000 mg L-1 caused damage to the photosynthetic apparatus due to impaired electron transport. Thus, the use of 1000 mg L-1 of IBA is recommended, as this concentration was beneficial for growth parameters, anatomy, and did not harm the photosynthetic apparatus.
Submitted: 05 November 2025 | Revised: 16 July 2026 | Accepted: 23 July 2026
Pages 656-661 | Full Text PDF| Read Article| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.26.20.08.pne171
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Imazethapyr + imazapic rates in sorghum-Mulato II intercropping and their impacts on soybean and weeds
Felipe Pereira Cunha*, Adriano Jakelaitis, Estevam Matheus Costa, Anny Éllen Sousa Alves, Natanael Vitor de Souza, Jardel Lopes Pereira
Weed laboratory, Instituto Federal Goiano – Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
Grupo Associado de Pesquisa do Sudoeste Goiano – GAPES, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4479-0593
Abstract: This study aimed to determine appropriate rates of the imazethapyr + imazapic ready-made mixture for managing Urochloa hybrid cv. Mulato II intercropped with sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), as well as to evaluate the effects of mulch on weed suppression and soybean performance under succession. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replications, with treatments consisting of sorghum monoculture and intercropping with Mulato II subjected to five rates of the commercial herbicide Zelone® (0, 0.35, 0.7, 1.05, and 1.4 L ha⁻¹). This study was conducted during the off-season, evaluating crop performance, forage biomass and phytotoxicity, and weed dynamics. The herbicide caused phytotoxic effects on the forage, reaching approximately 60% injury at 14 days after application, followed by gradual recovery. The highest rates (1.05 and 1.4 L ha⁻¹) effectively suppressed Mulato II without affecting sorghum yield, which averaged 5,852 kg ha⁻¹, exceeding state (4,006 kg ha⁻¹) and national (3,739 kg ha⁻¹) averages. Mulch derived from the intercropping system effectively suppressed weed growth, eliminating the need for pre-emergence herbicide application in soybean. Moreover, no negative effects on soybean establishment or yield were observed. Intercropping Urochloa hybrid cv. Mulato II with imidazolinone-tolerant sorghum is a viable strategy when managed with the ready-mix formulation of imazethapyr + imazapic, contributing to invasive grass control and enhancing sustainability in integrated production systems in the Brazilian Cerrado.
Pages 662-669 | Full Text PDF| Read Article| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.26.20.08.pne184
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Herbicide doses for managing forage growth in corn–Panicum intercropping and their effects on soybean grown in succession
Dayana Cardoso Cruz, Carlos Henrique Lima e Silva, Carlos Eduardo Leite Mello, Estevam Matheus Costa, Felipe Pereira Cunha, Jardel Lopes Pereira, Adriano Jakelaitis
Weed laboratory, Instituto Federal Goiano – Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
Grupo Associado de Pesquisa do Sudoeste Goiano – GAPES, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4479-0593
Abstract: Managing Panicum maximum intercropped with corn requires effective growth-control strategies to minimize competition. This study evaluated glyphosate and nicosulfuron doses for suppressing Panicum maximum cv. BRS Quênia intercropped with corn, and their effects on soybean yield and weed dynamics. Glyphosate was applied at rates of 0, 48, 96, 240, 480, and 960 g a.e. ha⁻¹ (Trial 1), and nicosulfuron at 0, 2.5, 5.0, 12.5, 25.0, and 50.0 g a.i. ha⁻¹ (Trial 2), including corn monocultures as controls. Corn agronomic performance, forage phytotoxicity and dry mass, soybean yield, and weed dynamics were measured. Increasing herbicide doses resulted in greater forage phytotoxicity, with more severe effects in Trial 1 and more moderate but prolonged effects in Trial 2. Dry mass was reduced to 0 and 337 kg ha⁻¹ at the highest doses in Trials 1 and 2, respectively. Corn grain yield decreased due to coexistence with BRS Quênia and reductions of 61% and 52% were recorded compared to monocultures in Trials 1 and 2, respectively. Intercropping also increased the incidence of lodged or broken corn plants; however, it contributed to straw formation and reduced weed infestation. Soybean cultivated in succession to the intercropping system produced average yields of 4,216.40 and 5,354.68 kg ha⁻¹ following glyphosate- and nicosulfuron-treated plots, respectively. Glyphosate (~240 g ha⁻¹) and nicosulfuron (~12.5 g ha⁻¹) provided adequate forage suppression with acceptable corn yield. Straw supported soybean yield and reduced weed pressure, supporting crop–forage integration systems.
Submitted: 02 December 2025 | Revised: 29 April 2026 | Accepted: 30 April 2026
Pages 670-678 | Full Text PDF| Read Article| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.26.20.08.pne197
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Atomization of liquid fertilizers for nutrient management of charged aerosols in aeroponics of mini potato tuber culture
Slameto*, Kacung Hariyono, Indri Fariroh, Muhamad Wahyu Saputra
Faculty of Agriculture University of Jember Jl. Kalimantan 37, Jember, East Java, Indonesia, 68121
ORCID ID 0000-0001-9900-2775
Abstract: One promising solution to produce high-quality seed potatoes is the use of soilless cultivation technologies, such as hydroponics and aeroponics. However, one of the challenges in aeroponic systems is ensuring efficient nutrient absorption by the roots. In traditional aeroponics, nutrient droplets sprayed onto plant roots often fail to adhere effectively, reducing nutrient uptake. Factors such as droplet size, distribution, and concentration influence the efficiency of nutrient absorption. To address this, researchers have explored the use of electrostatic charges to enhance nutrient absorption by ionizing the nutrient droplets. The research parameters of this study focus on investigating various factors such as the potato cultivar used, the aeroponic system design (electrostatic ionization), growth parameters (root development, plant height, leaf area, and tuber yield), and the anatomical characteristics. In particular, this study will evaluate seed quality by assessing mini-tuber characteristics such as disease resistance, uniformity, and vigor. The ultimate goal is to enhance the efficiency and quality of potato seed production using innovative soilless cultivation techniques. Overall, ionized aerosol treatments help improve potato growth and yield, making them a useful technique for enhancing plant development, especially in hydroponic systems.
Submitted: 02 December 2025 | Revised: 29 April 2026 | Accepted: 30 April 2026
Pages 679-688 | Full Text PDF| Read Article| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.26.20.08.pne353X