Role of benzothiadiazole and peak performance nutrient on inducing resistance in Citrus aurantifolia against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri
Shahran Ahmed Nayem, Md. Sahadat Ali, Md. Belal Hossain*, Abul Hasnat Solaiman, M. Salahuddin M. Chowdhury
Department of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh
Horticultural Science, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh
Abstract
Citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri (Xac) is a pernicious disease that retards quality citrus production. In this study, we investigated the individual and combined competence of Benzothiadiazole (BTH), Peak Performance Nutrients (PPN) and Riboflavin (Rib) to mitigate the progress of canker disease. Lime seedlings of BARI Lebu-2 inoculated with Xac bacteria were used in the study. There were three individual and three combined treatments such as PPN, BTH, Rib and (PPN+BTH), (PPN+Rib), (PPN+BTH+Rib) wherein the concentrations were 0.4%(PPN), 1 mM(BTH) and 2 mM(Rib). Water treated plants were used as a control. Plants were sprayed with treatments after ten days of interval and for the combined treatment, the second and third chemical was sprayed on the following day after application of the first chemicals. The result divulged that, (PPN+BTH) and (PPN+BTH+Rib) showed the best performance to attenuate disease severity (DS) and lesion diameter (LD) accompanied by an augmentation of latent period. In addition, they inclined Total Phenolic Compound (TPC), Soluble Protein (SP) and Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity within the plants. Besides, plants treated with PPN singly or in combination with BTH and Rib showed higher accumulation of nutrient minerals such as N, P, K, Ca, Fe and Zn than PPN non-treated plants. Based on the findings, we suggest that application of (PPN+BTH) (0.4%+1 mM) and (PPN+BTH+Rib) (0.4%+1 mM+2 mM) is effective on inducing resistance in the citrus plant against Xac.
Pages 335-342 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne563
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Soybean growth, solar energy conversion and seed vigour affected by different nitrogen (N) doses
Geison Rodrigo Aisenberg, Felipe Koch, João Roberto Pimentel*, Cristian Troyjack, Ítala Thaísa Padilha Dubal, Lucian Alex dos Santos, Gustavo Henrique Demari, Vinicius Jardel Szareski, Francisco Amaral Villela, Emanuela Garbin Martinazzo, Tiago Pedó, Tiago Zanatta Aumonde
Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, ICB, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate soybean growth, conversion of solar energy and seed vigour of plants cultivated with different nitrogen doses. We carried out experiments using the cultivar BMX Potência RR belongs to the maturation group 6.7, presenting an indeterminate growth habit. The experimental design was completely randomised with four replications in a 4 x 8 factorial scheme (four nitrogen doses and eight collection periods). In the Vn stage of soybean development, we applied four different nitrogen fertilisation doses, i.e. 0, 25, 50 and 75 Kg N ha-1 in the form of urea (45% of N). We evaluated leaf area (Af), leaf dry mass (Wf), stem (Wc), roots (Wr) and pods (Wv), dry matter production rate (Ct), relative growth rate (Rw), net assimilation (Ea), rate, leaf area ratio (Sa), solar energy conversion factor (ξ), leaf area ratio (Fa) and leaf mass (Fw), dry matter partition between plant structures, seedling emergence (E) and the emergence speed index (IVE) of the seedlings originated from the seeds produced. The experiment was conducted throughout the crop cycle. Nitrogen application positively impacted soybean growth; a nitrogen dose of 50 Kg ha-1 resulted in highest values of Wt. However, plants subjected to 75 Kg N ha-1 reached higher Rw and L values. Nitrogen fertilisation applied in the stage Vn facilitated plant growth, enhanced the conversion of solar energy and resulted in higher seed vigour.
Pages 343-349 | Full Text PDF|doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne619
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Rational management of water availability along the phenological stages of Crambe abyssinica Hochst.
Tafarel Victor Colodetti*, Rogério Rangel Rodrigues, Wagner Nunes Rodrigues, Lima Deleon Martins, Sebastião Vinícius Batista Brinate, Samuel Cola Pizetta, Edvaldo Fialho dos Reis, Marcelo Antonio Tomaz
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CCAE-UFES), Alto Universitário, s/nº, Cx Postal 16, Bairro Guararema, Alegre, ES, Brazil
Professor do Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CCAE-UFES), Alegre, ES, Brazil
Professor do Departamento de Agronomia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CCAE-UFES), Alegre, ES, Brazil
Programa de Pós-Graduação Recursos Hídricos em Sistemas Agrícolas, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, Brazil
Abstract
One of the main environmental stresses that affect the agriculture is the water deficit. There is a constant scientific search to understand the behavior of plants under conditions of drought, aiming to improve the yield of the agricultural species under the effects of this stress. The objective of this study was to determinate the adequate water availability at each stage of the phenological cycle of Crambe abyssinica Hochst, aiming to assist the establishment of irrigation managements with rational water use for this crop. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse to study the influence of levels of water availability along the phenological stages of plants on crambe. A set of growth parameters were measured using a split plot scheme in time (four phenological stages and five levels of available water in the soil) in a completely randomized design and with four replications. The levels of water availability in the soil promoted alterations of growth rate, and the faster growth of Crambe abyssinica were observed with hydric regimen able of provide levels higher than 45% of available water in the soil; overall, these levels promoted better development of the plants throughout the entire phenological cycle. Increasing the water availability in soil above 45% was fundamental to obtain higher harvest indexes, with maximum index obtained at 63% of water available.
Pages 350-356 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne640
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Geostatistical techniques applied to spatial distribution of macroorganisms in soybean crop
Lenon Henrique Lovera, Elizeu De Souza Lima, Rafael Montanari, Zigomar Menezes de Souza, Camila Viana Vieira Farhate, Milton Cesar Costa Campos, José Luiz Rodrigues Torres*
State University of Campinas (Unicamp), School of Agricultural Engineering (Feagri), Av. Cândido Rondon, 501 - Barão Geraldo 13083-875 - Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Phytosanity, Rural and Soil Engineering, Monção St., 830, 15385-000, Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil
Federal University of Amazonas, Institute of Education, Agriculture and Environment – Rua 29 de Agosto, 786, Bairro Divino Pranto, 69800-000 - Humaita, Amazonas, Brasil
Federal Institute of Triângulo Mineiro Campus Uberaba, Rua João Batista Ribeiro, 4000, CEP 39064-790 – Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brasil
Abstract
The use of geostatistical techniques has allowed the monitoring of macrofauna spatial variability in crops of economic interest, enabling the creation of maps and more adequate management strategies. The aim of this study is to analyze the spatial dependence of the macrofauna and correlate it to the soybean crop yield along an agricultural year regarding a Hapludox loamy soil with an even slope of 0.025 m m-1. The determination of the sampling points of the macrofauna as well as the soybean yield was carried out through a geostatistical mesh. During the soybean growth, we carried out four applications of insecticides for pest control. In the end of the cycle, the soybean grain yield was determined in an area of 3.24 m2 located around the sampling point. Macrofauna collecting was carried out by using a solution of acetylsalicylic acid diluted in water inside a plastic container. The analysis of the spatial dependence was performed by calculating its semivariogram, based on the stationarity assumptions of the intrinsic hypothesis. Organisms in the taxonomic group Hymenoptera (groups of insects that comprise wasps, bees and ants) were the most frequent at the experimental area. Only soy grain yield and the Coleoptera class presented spatial dependence (when the associated variable resembles more the value of the samples in the vicinity than the rest of the locations of the sample set). Coleoptera showed higher spatial concentration in regions of highest soybean yields.
Pages 357-364 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne646
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Influence of nitrogen fertilization on the characteristics of potato starch
Juliana Marques Ebúrneo, Emerson Loli Garcia, Thaís Paes Rodrigues dos Santos, Emerson de Freitas Cordova de Souza, Rogério Peres Soratto, Adalton Mazetti Fernandes, Magali Leonel*
Center for Tropical Roots and Starches (CERAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of nitrogen fertilization rates on the characteristics of potato starch. The experimental design was randomized block with four replications. The treatments were composed of four rates of N (0, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1). After 117 days of planting the harvested tubers were sanitized and the starch extracted. The starches of the different treatments were analyzed for the shape and distribution of size, X-ray pattern, crystallinity, amylose, minerals, pasting and thermal properties. Results showed that the fertilization did not cause alteration in the shape of the starch granules but the sizes of granules increased with the application of higher rates of nitrogen fertilizer. All potato starches had X-ray pattern B-type and crystallinity decreased when nitrogen fertilizer rates increased up to 120 kg ha-1. Fertilization did not interfere in content of amylose. Nitrogen rates promoted a decrease in the phosphorus, calcium and magnesium contents in the starches. The starches had their initial and peak temperatures of gelatinization decreased with increasing fertilizer rates, but there was no interference of this practice in the enthalpy. The highest peaks of viscosity and breakdown were observed in starch extracted from potatoes grown with the application of 80 kg ha-1 of Entec® 26 fertilizer. These results indicated important modifications in potato starch properties grown at different rates of nitrogen fertilization and can provide information for starch applications in the food and non-food industries.
Pages 365-373 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne680
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Traction force demand of soybean planting in compacted Oxisol
Robson Gonçalves Trentin, Alcir José Modolo*, Thiago de Oliveira Vargas, José Ricardo da Rocha Campos, Murilo Baesso, Emerson Trogello, José Carlos Cazarotto Madaloz
Post-Graduation programme in Agronomy (Programa de Pós-graduação em Agronomia), Federal Technological Unversity of Paraná (Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná) - PPGAG/UTFPR, Pato Branco – PR, Brazil
Department of Biosystem Engineering, São Paulo University (Departamento de Engenharia Biossistemas, Universidade de São Paulo) - FZEA/USP, Pirassununga – SP, Brazil
Goianian Federal Institute (Instituto Federal Goiano). – IFGoiano, Morrinhos - GO, Brazil
Abstract
The heavy traffic of machinery and implements in no-tillage areas leads to surface compaction, especially when the managed soil contains high levels of moisture. This problem is one of the main causes of increased power demand in seeding operations. The aim of this paper was to assess the performance of two furrow opener mechanisms for planting soybean in clay soil with different levels of compaction and assess their relationship with traction demand. A random blocks experimental design with subdivided plots was used. The plots had four levels of soil compaction (1.16, 1.20, 1.22, and 1.26 Mg m-3), and the subplots consisted of furrow openers (double-disc opener and shank-type opener) with four replications. Soybean sowing was carried out with a no-tillage seed with five lines. Seed deposition depth; cross-sectional area of mobilized soil; depth and width of the groove and the power demand measured by a load cell coupled between the tractor and the seeder were analyzed. The shank-type furrow opener increased the depth and width of the furrows, the planting depth and the disturbed area, and required greater power demand as the density of the soil increased. The contrary was observed with the double disc opener as this furrower presents low capability to reach deeper layers in compacted soil, as a result of its design characteristics.
Pages 374-379 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne744
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Pollen diversity of the tidal swamp rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars collected from South Kalimantan, Indonesia
Dindin H. Mursyidin, Issirep Sumardi, Purnomo, Budi S. Daryono*
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, South Kalimantan, 70714, Indonesia
Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
Abstract
The characteristics of pollen morphology is an important key to determine the germplasm. In this study, we investigated the pollen morphology of the tidal swamp rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The phenetic relationship of this germplasm was also reconstructed based on UPGMA method. Nine cultivars of the tidal swamp rice, comprise eight from the South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, and one from Sumatera Island (a comparison), were used in this study. The SEM analysis revealed the distinct variations among pollen rice morphology, particularly in the pattern of exine surface ornamentation. Two form of the ornamentation discovered for this germplasm, namely insular and mixed-granular type. According to the UPGMA analysis, the tidal swamp rice cultivars clustered into four groups, where Pandak Putih and Lakatan Pacar have the farthest relationship, and Pandak Putih and Lakatan Wangi were the closest. These findings might be useful in the future rice breeding program, particularly in the development of new rice cultivars for the tidal swamp areas.
Pages 380-385 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne751
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Production of lettuce genotypes in hydroponic system using different organo-mineral nutrient solutions
Antonio Fernandes Monteiro Filho, Carlos Alberto Vieira de Azevedo*, Márcia Rejane de Queiroz Almeida Azevedo, Josely Dantas Fernandes, Severina de Sousa, Élida Barbosa Correa, Trycia Neroyldes Farias, Pedro Dantas Fernandes
State University of Paraíba, Center of Environmental and Agrarian Sciences, Lagoa Seca, 58.117-000, Paraíba, Brazil
Federal University of Campina Grande, Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, Campina Grande, 58.429-140, Paraíba, Brazil
Federal University of Campina Grande, Academic Unit of Food Engineering, Campina Grande, 58.429-140, Paraíba, Brazil
Fellow of CNPq Research Productivity, level 1B, Brazil
Fellow of CNPq Research Productivity, level 1A, Brazil
Abstract
Mineral solutions are widely used in hydroponic cultivation but little is known about the use of organo-mineral solutions. With this focus, the present study aimed to evaluate the production of three green-leaf lettuce genotypes (Thaís, Vanda and Verônica) in eight nutrient solutions, in NFT hydroponic system, set up in gutters. Four mineral solutions were used in this experiment, referred to as the respective names of the authors (Bernardes, Furlani, Castellane and Araújo, and Ueda). Moreover, four organo-mineral solutions (using biofertilizers in their formulation) were applied, totally eight nutrient solutions. The experiment was carried out in randomized blocks in split plots with three replicates. The main plots consisted of eight nutrient solutions and three lettuce cultivars were assigned in subplots (including six plants per subplot). Lettuce production was evaluated 25 days after transplanting, through the determination of shoot fresh phytomass (SFP), root fresh phytomass (RFP), shoot dry phytomass (SDP) and root dry phytomass (RDP). Production variables were not influenced by the interactive effect of the studied factors. Individually, the nutrient solutions influenced the production parameters and there was variation among the lettuce cultivars only for root fresh phytomass. Higher commercial production of lettuce was obtained with the mineral solutions of Bernardes, Furlani, and Castellane and Araújo.
Pages 386-392 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne761
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Growth regulators for reduction of height in potted red-yellow sunflower Helianthus annuus cv. 'Florenza'
Ana Beatryz Prenzier Suzuki*, Guilherme Augusto Cito Alves, Douglas Bertoncelli Junior, Gianne Carolina Guidone Stulzer, Mauricio Susumu Osawa, Ricardo Tadeu de Faria
Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Agronomia, Londrina/PR. Brazil
Abstract
The market for flowers and ornamental plants has been growing in Brazil. In this context, sunflower has been increasing its importance mainly as a cut flower. There are cultivars of distinct colors and shapes, but sunflower is a very high flower to be selled in pots. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the growth regulators such as mepiquat chloride and paclobutrazol in the height reduction of the Sunflower known as ‘Florenza’ to be used it in potted flower. We adopted a completely randomized design in a 2x5 factorial scheme with 11 treatments and ten repetitions. In five samples, the mepiquat chloride (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 L ha-1) were used and in other five samples paclobutrazol (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10:00 L-1) were applied. The applications were repeated at 15, 30 and 45 days after sowing. The plant height, stem diameter, intern diameter of the main capitulum, number of leaves and capitula, dry mass of leaves, stem, capitula and root, leaf area and chlorophyll content were evaluated. The concentration of 10 L ha-1 of mepiquat chloride was the most effective dose in reducing the height of a red-yellow ‘Florenza’ sunflower showing a height 43.2 cm smaller than the one from the control treatment.
Pages 393-399 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne777
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Microbiological and parasitological contamination of hydroponic grown curly lettuce under different optimized nutrient solutions
Antonio Fernandes Monteiro Filho, Carlos Alberto Vieira de Azevedo*, Márcia Rejane de Queiroz Almeida Azevedo, Josely Dantas Fernandes, Élida Barbosa Correa, Shirleyde Alves dos Santos
State University of Paraíba, Center of Environmental and Agrarian Sciences, Lagoa Seca, 58.117-000, Paraíba, Brazil
Federal University of Campina Grande, Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, Campina Grande, 58.429-140, Paraíba, Brazil
Fellow of CNPq Research Productivity, level 1B, Brazil
Abstract
Lettuce is the most widely consumed vegetable in the world; however, its sanitary quality is questioned during the production process. The objective of this research was to evaluate the microbiological and parasitological contamination of curly lettuce grown in a nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic system with different nutrient solutions. The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks with three replicates, and the treatments corresponded to four mineral solutions, and four organomineral solutions, totaling eight nutrient solutions. At harvest, samples formed by ten plants per plot were collected and analyzed for microbiological contamination (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms) and parasitological contamination (endoparasites). The results showed absence of contamination by E. coli and Salmonella spp. in all samples. Few lettuce samples exhibited presence of Entamoeba histolytica, eggs and larvae of Ancylostoma spp. Lettuce cultivated with mineral solutions of Furlani, and Castellane and Araújo and organomineral solution of Furlani were free from contamination.
Pages 400-406 | Full Text PDF| Supplementary Data| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne797
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Agronomic performance of Safflower genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under different soil bulk density levels in the Oxisol of the Cerrado
Juliana Terezinha Sasso Paludo, Edna Maria Bonfim-Silva, Tonny José Araújo da Silva, Helon Hébano de Freitas Sousa, Maurício Dutra Zanotto, William Fenner
Federal University of Mato Grosso - UFMT, Institute of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, 5055 Students Avenue Rondonópolis, 78.735-901, Brazil
São Paulo State University - UNESP, Department of Production and Plant Breeding, 215 Street Quirino de Andrade, 01.049-010, Brazil
Abstract
As intensive farm development can cause changes in soil structure, it is crucial to study cultivars that can adapt to these changes, along with the climatic conditions of the Cerrado of Mato Grosso. The objective of this study is to assess the effects of soil bulk density (weight of soil in a given volume) on the agronomic performance of the safflower genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius L.). The experiment was conducted at the Federal University of Mato Grosso in a greenhouse. A completely randomized design in factorial scheme with four replications was selected. The treatments comprised of five bulk density levels (1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6 and 1.8 Mg m-3) and ten safflower genotypes (PI 237538, PI 248385, PI 250196, PI 301049, PI 305173, PI 305205, PI 306596, PI 306603, PI 560202 and PI 613366). The following evaluations were done after completion of the experiments: total shoot dry mass, upper ring root dry mass, intermediate and lower total root dry mass. The data were subjected to the analysis of variance and the means were categorized by the Scott-Knott test at the 5% level of probability. The genotypes and bulk density influenced the components in isolation way. The shoot dry mass production was impaired from the bulk density of 1.10 Mg m-3. For the root dry mass, the limit was 1.04 Mg m-3. In general, from the soil density of 1.20 Mg m-3 the growth and development of safflower genotypes were influenced negatively. The increase in soil density reduced the total root dry mass up to 71.11%.
Pages 407-412 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne798
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Evaluation of ACC deaminase producing Pseudomonas fluorescens strains for their effects on seed germination and early growth of wheat under salt stress
Dariush Safari, Fatemeh Jamali*, Hamid-reza Nooryazdan, Fereshteh Bayat
Plant Breeding Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran;
Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria possessing ACC deaminase activity reduces the level of stress ethylene, conferring resistance and improving plant growth under different stress conditions. The present study aims at evaluating Pseudomonas fluorescens strains for their potential to produce ACC deaminase and quantifying their effects on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat under salinity stress. Bacteria were first evaluated for their ability to utilize ACC, an immediate precursor of stress ethylene, using DF minimal medium containing 3 mM ACC and it was revealed that they were all able to use ACC as sole nitrogen source under in vitro conditions. Thereafter, the influence of bacterial strains on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat varieties was evaluated under NaCl induced salt stress after seven days. The experimental design was completely randomized in 3×5×5 factorial scheme with three replications. Factors consisted of salinity (0, 3 and 6 dS/m), P. fluorescens bacteria (strains PGU2-79, WBO-3, WKZ1-93 and WB1-7 and sterile water as control), and wheat variety (Chamran, Kooh-Dasht, Dehdasht, Karim and Jam). Twenty wheat seeds were transferred to plates after being soaked for an hour in bacterial suspensions at concentration of 108 CFU/ml. Each plate contained a filter paper which was moistened with 10 ml of NaCl solution in different concentrations. Plates were incubated in a growth chamber with maximum and minimum temperatures maintained at 20°C and 15 °C, respectively, with 12 h day-night photoperiod and relative humidity of 80%. Results revealed that P. fluorescens strains had positive impacts on different growth parameters of wheat varieties including germination percentage and rate, seed vigor, length and dry weight of coleoptile and radicle and salinity tolerance index of plants under salinity stress as compared to control. This study reveals the efficacy of plant growth promoting P. fluorescens strains containing ACC deaminase for improving salt tolerance and consequently stimulating the growth of wheat seedlings under salinity stress.
Pages 413-421 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne801
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Economic viability of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown in hydroponic system with different optimized nutrient solutions
Antonio Fernandes Monteiro Filho, Carlos Alberto Vieira de Azevedo*, Márcia Rejane de Queiroz Almeida Azevedo, Josely Dantas Fernandes, Severina de Sousa, Pedro Dantas Fernandes
State University of Paraíba, Center of Environmental and Agrarian Sciences, Lagoa Seca, 58.117-000, Paraíba, Brazil
Federal University of Campina Grande, Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, Campina Grande, 58.429-140, Paraíba, Brazil,
Federal University of Campina Grande, Academic Unit of Food Engineering, Campina Grande, 58.429-140, Paraíba, Brazil
Fellow of CNPq Research Productivity, level 1B, Brazil
Fellow of CNPq Research Productivity, level 1A, Brazil
Abstract
Hydroponic cultivation is characterized by high initial costs compared with conventional cultivation. This study discusses the economic viability of implementing a hydroponic system for lettuce production with different mineral and organomineral nutrient solutions through simulation. The experimental design was randomized blocks with split plots and three replicates. Plots consisted of eight nutrient solutions: four mineral solutions, with chemical compositions proposed by Bernardes, Castellane and Araújo, Furlani, and Ueda, and four solutions with chemical compositions similar to those previously cited, but modified in the present research with the utilization of biofertilizer in the composition, to produce four organomineral nutrient solutions. Subplots consisted of three varieties of curly lettuce: Verônica, Vanda and Thaís. After harvesting, lettuce plants were separately weighed according to the treatments and, from this information, the selling price was determined based on research conducted in major supermarkets in the city of Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil. The calculation of expenses took into account the effective operating cost, total operating costs and the total production cost. According to the simulation, regardless of the cultivar used, lettuce hydroponic cultivation had higher annual profit, with values of US$ 18,880.00 and 18,730.00, using the mineral nutrient solutions of Furlani and Bernardes, respectively. Among the organomineral nutrient solutions, the Furlani solution when used in the production of the cultivar Verônica led to annual profit of US$ 11,440.00.
Pages 422-429 | Full Text PDF| Supplementary Data| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne820
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Insecticide resistance of corn weevil populations from semi-arid regions
João Luciano de Andrade Melo Junior*, José Alexandre da Silva, Kléber Régis Santoro, César Auguste Badji
Department of Agronomy, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Academic Unit of Garanhuns, Garanhuns, PE, Brazil
Abstract
Corn weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) is a key insect pest of stored corn in Brazil. Corn weevil infestations are traditionally controlled using insecticides. The intensive use of insecticidal compounds, however, may result in the development of insecticide-resistant populations and ultimately cause insecticide-based control measures to fail. The objective of the present work is to define the permethrin and pirimiphos–methyl resistance of S. zeamais populations collected from the semi-arid region of Pernambuco, Brazil. Insects were placed in glass bottles impregnated with dry insecticide residues at different concentrations. Deceased insects were counted 24 h after exposure. Concentration–response curves were generated by subjecting mortality results to Probit analysis. The Sete Lagoas population exhibited the lowest 50% mortality (LC50) to permethrin, whereas the Lajedo population exhibited the lowest LC50 to pirimiphos–methyl. These populations were used the reference peremthrin- and pirimiphos–methyl-susceptible populations. The order of the LC50-based susceptibility of the populations to the two insecticides differed from that of the LC95-based susceptibility. Six and eight populations showed a significant resistance ratio (RR50) against permethrin and pirimiphos–methyl, respectively. The Brejão population presented the maximum resistance to pirimiphos–methyl (RR50 = 26.7 and RR95 = 57.4). All populations exhibited low but greatly varied pyrethroid resistance levels. This result, however, does not imply that the problem of pyrethroid resistance is minimized when resistance is substantial in the Brejão population.
Pages 430-434 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne863
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Morphometric diversity between fruits and seeds of mahogany trees (Swietenia macrophylla King.) from Parakanã Indigenous Land, Pará State, Brazil
Noemi Vianna Martins Leão*, Sérgio Heitor Sousa Felipe, Cláudio Emídio-Silva, Antônia Camila dos Santos Moraes, Elizabeth Santos Cordeiro Shimizu, Ricardo Gallo, Alessandra Doce Dias de Freitas, Osvaldo Ryohei Kato
Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Laboratório de Sementes Florestais, Belém, PA, Brazil
Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos/BIOAGRO, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
Universidade do Estado do Pará, Núcleo de Formação Indígena, Belém, PA, Brazil
Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, PA, Brazil
Universidade Federal do Pará, Faculdade de Engenharia Florestal, Altamira, PA, Brazil
Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Projeto Tipitamba, Belém, PA, Brazil
Abstract
Morphometric studies of fruits and forest seeds may indicate the presence of variability among individuals of the same species. The objective of this study was to investigate the morphometric diversity of fruits and seeds of Swietenia macrophylla in 20 individuals belong to the Parakanã Indigenous Land, PA, Brazil. The following characteristics of the fruits, wingless seeds, and seeds without testa of the 20 trees were evaluated. Analysis of variance was performed on the collected data, followed by test of the means by Scott-Knott test. Genetic dissimilarity was assessed through means of the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) grouping technique and canonical variables (CV). The results indicate high phenotypic diversity among mahogany fruits and seeds and the grouping of trees regardless is of the location of the indigenous village. Thus, mahogany trees have high genetic potential for germplasm conservation, seed harvesting, and breeding programs.
Pages 435-443 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne879
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Accelerated aging test in amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) seeds
Andréa Bicca Noguez Martins, Caroline Jácome Costa, Fernanda da Motta Xavier, André Pich Brunes, Leticia Winke Dias, Aline Klug Radke, Paulo Eduardo da Rocha Eberhardt, Jerffeson Araújo Cavalcante Maria Johana Gonzales Vera, Lilian Vanussa Madruga de Tunes, Dario Munt de Moraes
UFPEL - Federal University of Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
2EMBRAPA - Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
UNA - National University of Asuncion, Asuncion, Py, Paraguay
Abstract
The use of vigor tests for assessing seed lot quality is an important tool for production and commercialization. However, research on evaluating the quality of amaranth seeds is still scarce. The objective of this work was to evaluate procedures for conducting the accelerated aging test, aiming at the identification of different levels of vigour among lots of amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) seeds cultivar BRS Alegria. Five seed lots were used and submitted to tests of germination, first count of germination, seedling emergence and accelerated aging, using the aging periods of 24, 48 and 72 hours and adopting the traditional methodology with water and the use of saturated (40g NaCl in 100mL of water) and unsaturated (11g NaCl in 100mL of water) sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. The accelerated aging test at 41ºC and periods of 24, 48 and 72 hours of conditioning saturated NaCl solution allowed the stratification of the lots at vigour levels, similar to the results obtained by the seedling emergence test and the first count of germination. The accelerated aging test, using saturated saline solution (40g NaCl in 100mL of water) for 24 hours at 41°C, is therefore suitable for evaluating the physiological potential of amaranth seeds.
Pages 444-448 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne890
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Crown dynamics of Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia) in Santa Catarina region of Brazil
André Felipe Hess*, Ana Claudia da Silveira, Sandra Mara Krefta, Diego Vinchiguerra dos Santos, Mushue Dayan Hampel Vieira Filho, Kemely Alves Atanazio, Luis Paulo Baldissera Schorr, Isadora Arruda dos Santos, Geedre Adriano Borsoi, Thiago Floriani Stepka, Emanuel Arnoni Costa, Veraldo Liesenberg
Department of Forest Engineering, Santa Catarina State University, 2090 Luiz de Camões Avenue, Lages, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Postal Code: 88520-000
Department of Forest Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, Postal Code: 97105-900
Abstract
Generatation of models for the management of Araucaria forests in southern Brazil using morphometric relationships with density is still scarce. Changes in the dynamics of the shape and size of trees in the forest indicate the need to regulate the density of trees (silvicultural intervention) or self-adjustment of the species to shape structure, living space, competition, growth rate and resource use. Trees with larger crowns show higher growth rate and their size inform the vital space of growth and support management density of the forest. This information is important to support forest management and can be used to build individual tree growth models. Management models built based on the relationship between forest density and morphometric variables are powerful tools to achieve sustainable yield. Thus, the purpose of this study was to adjust equations to express the diameter, the shape of the crown in function of morphometric/dendrometric variables and to relate the dynamics of the changes in crown surface area and the number of trees per hectare with the diameter and crown surface area. Morphometric and dendrometric data were measured from individual trees in 25 permanent plots located in 84 hectares of a natural forest with predominance of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze species. The diameter at breast height, total height, crown insertion height and four crown radius were measured, including 330 trees. The data were subjected to Pearson correlation analysis and regression conditioners (normality and homogeneity of variance). All the equations proposed in the objectives were generated using generalized linear models (GLM) techniques, which showed accuracy and precision with low values of deviation and Akaike criterion. The results showed that there is interaction between crown shape, density and diameter, indicated by Pearson correlation higher than 0.9. The interactions of crown and density variables identified requirements of silvicultural interventions and the period to perform these activities according to the mean diameter of the forest or to a desired diameter. This is important information for the conservation of the Araucaria Forest structure.
Pages 449-457 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne928
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Application of solid matrix priming to ameliorate salinity stress in mung bean (Vigna radiata)
Sujoy Kumar Sen, Palash Mandal*
Department of Botany, Siliguri College, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India-734 001
Plant Physiology and Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India-734 013
Abstract
Present study aimed to study the responses of mung bean seedlings under 0, 4 and 8dSm-1 concentrations after Solid matrix priming (SMP), using celite matrix 10% moisture with 15 different elicitors such as kinetin, napthalene acetic acid (NAA), abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid, chitosan, calcium chloride (CaCl2), gibberellic acid (GA3), putrescine, gallic acid, Catechol, proline, lanthanum chloride (LaCl3), ethylene glycol bis (2-aminoethyl ether) tetra acetic acid (EGTA), sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and water (hydropriming). The root length (RL), shoot length (SL), RL/SL ratio, average lateral root number, plant fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) were measured after 6 days of germination. Indices like plant height stress tolerance index (PHSI), root length stress tolerance index (RLSI), shoot height stress tolerance index (SHSI), stress tolerance index (STI), root phytotoxicity, shoot phytotoxicity, fresh weight percentage reduction (FWPR), dry weight percentage reduction (DWPR), relative seedling water content (RSWC) were measured. The root length (RL), shoot length (SL), and biomass production along with dry weight percentage reduction (DWPR) were significantly decreased with increasing salt stress. However, priming treatments improved different morphological traits like SL, RL in almost all cases compared to unprimed seeds. Effect of SMP with salicylic acid and chitosan regarding RL and SL under high salinity is noteworthy. In case of FW, only chitosan at 4 dSm-1 and catechol at 8dSm-1 showed significant improvement i.e. 7.46% and 5.74%, respectively, compared to unprimed seeds. The DW at 4 dSm-1 was influenced by GA3 followed by SNP, in which showed significant enhanced biomass even better than unprimed seedling in control. Overall, among the elicitors studied chitosan followed by salicylic acid showed the best results under salinity stress.
Pages 458-466 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne937
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Inheritance of resistance to dieback disease in mango (Mangifera indica)
Washington Carvalho Pacheco Coelho, Carlos Antonio Fernandes Santos*, Diogenes da Cruz Batista
State University of Feira de Santana, State of Bahia, Brazil
Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Semiarid), Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, Brazil
Abstract
The fungi Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Neofusicoccum parvum are pathogens responsible for causing dieback disease in mangoes. Studies on the inheritance of resistance to these fungal diseases in mango are quite limited. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the inheritance of resistance to dieback disease in three pseudo-F2 progenies to assist in mango breeding programs. Young branches containing young leaves were selected, and suspension of 103 conidia/mL of L. theobromae or N. parvum was sprayed separately. After inoculation, leaves were protected in a plastic wet chamber for 48 hours. The infection was estimated by taking the branches without symptoms/total number of inoculated branches. Plants without disease symptoms in more than 90% of the branches, in three different inoculation periods, were considered as resistant. Keitt, Haden, and Espada cultivars were resistant to both fungi, while 'Tommy Atkins' was susceptible to both pathogens. Monogenic resistance, conferred by recessive alleles, was observed for L. theobromae for the three crossings evaluated, despite the 13:3 segregation detected for 'Keitt' x 'Tommy Atkins'. For N. parvum, recessive resistance with 3:1 monogenic segregation was observed in the crossing 'Keitt' x 'Tommy Atkins', and 9:7 epistatic segregation was reported in the crossing ‘Haden’ x ‘Tommy Atkins’ and ‘Espada x ‘Tommy Atkins’. The mono or digenic inheritance observed in the present study indicates the possibility of selection in the F2 generation and identification of plants with double resistance to L. theobromae and N. parvum in mango trees.
Pages 467-471 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne949
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Selectivity and efficacy of herbicides to control volunteer soybean in castor crop
Isabela Pimentel de Almeida, Augusto Guerreiro Fontoura Costa*, Valdinei Sofiatti, Cleber Daniel de Goes Maciel
Universidade Estadual da Paraíba (UEPB). R. Baraúnas, 351, Campina Grande, PB, Zip code: 58429-500, Brazil
Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária-Embrapa Algodão, Rua Oswaldo Cruz, 1143. Campina Grande, PB, Zip code: 58428-095, Brazil
Universidade do Centro-Oeste (Unicentro). R. Simeão Camargo de Varela Sá, 03. Guarapuava, PR, Zip code: 85040-080, Brazil
Abstract
Castor bean is an alternative to many grain production areas, mainly as crop for the second season after soybean. In this scenario, there is demand for research on management of plants, resulting from remaining seeds of soybean after harvest. The objective of this work was to evaluate the selectivity and efficacy of post-emergence herbicides for the control of volunteer soybean in the castor crop. Two greenhouse experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design with four replications. The first assay was focused on the selectivity of herbicides to the castor crop, and the second to the efficacy of herbicides for soybean control. Evaluation of herbicide selectivity for the castor cultivar BRS Energia was carried out at 4 to 6 true leave stages. The treatments corresponded to two doses of ethoxysulfuron, halosulfuron-methyl, iodosulfuron-methyl, ioxynil, metamitron, oxadiazon and a control without any application. To evaluate the control efficacy of soybean cultivar BRS 3280RR in 3 trefoil stage, the treatments were comprised of two doses of ethoxysulfuron, halosulfuron-methyl, metamitron and a control without application. The evaluations were: control, phytointoxication and plant height at 7, 14 and 21 DAA; stem diameter, leaf area, dry mass of aerial part and roots at 21 DAA. The results showed that herbicides ethoxysulfuron (60 and 80 g ha-1), halosulfuron-methyl (75 and 112.5 g ha-1) and metamitron (2,800 and 4,200 g ha-1) were selective to castor. Ethoxysulfuron (60 and 80 g ha-1) and halosulfuron-methyl (75 and 112.5 g ha-1) were effective for the volunteer soybean control.
Pages 472-477 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne966
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Symbiotic efficiency of native rhizobia in legume tree Leucaena leucocephala derived from several soil classes of Brazilian Northeast region
Vinicius Santos Gomes da Silva, Carolina Etienne de Rosália Silva Santos, Ana Dolores Santiago de Freitas, Newton Pereira Stamford, Aleksandro Ferreira da Silva, Maria do Carmo Catanho Pereira Lyra, Leandro Reis Costa Santos, Juscélia da Silva Ferreira
Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. 52171-900, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco, 52171-900, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
Abstract
The effective symbiotic activity of rhizobia can contribute increment of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), which is of great importance in low technology regions. This study aimed to evaluate the symbiotic efficiency of native rhizobia from Brazilian Northeast soils for selection of the most efficient and competitive strains for Leucaena leucocephala plant. The greenhouse test was conducted in factorial scheme (7x3), with seven fertilization treatments and three soil classes (Luvisol, Ultisol and Oxisol). The fertilization treatments were: (a) four native rhizobia isolates, obtained from nodules of L. leucocephala grown in Brazilian semiarid soils; (b) recommended strain (SEMIA 6069); (c) control without rhizobia inoculation and without N fertilization; (d) control without rhizobia, but with N fertilization (100 mg kg-1). The plants were harvested at 90 days and the following characteristics were determined: plant height, diameter, shoots dry matter, roots dry matter and nodules dry matter, number of nodules, nitrogen concentration and accumulation in shoots, and efficiency of nitrogen fixation. The isolates 36F and 45G are very promising on Biologic Nitrogen Fixation (BNF). They showed high symbiotic efficiency (higher than 90%). These selected strains provided the best characteristics such as plant height (57 and 52 cm), diameter (4.03 and 4.02 mm), dry matter of shoot (3.2 and 3.6 g plant-1) and nitrogen accumulation in shoots (60 and 65 g plant-1).
Pages 478-485 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne976
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Application of swine wastewater for irrigation of Tifton 85 grass: Part I-productivity and nutritional quality
Eder Pereira Gomes, Arthur Carniato Sanches, Dhiones kenedys Ulisses Dias, Fernanda Lamede Ferreira de Jesus, Walder Antônio Gomes de Albuquerque Nunes, Marco Antônio Previdelli Orrico Junior, Joelma Porto de Souza Dias, Edéria Pereira Gomes Azevedo
Federal University of Grande Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
Graduate Course on Agricultural Systems Engineering, ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
Embrapa Western Farming, Brazil
Energy in Agriculture, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
Abstract
The use of swine wastewater (SW) for irrigation can be an excellent alternative to increase productivity and quality of pastures. This work was carried out from October 2013 to September 2014 in Dourados – MS. The objectives were evaluation of the productivity and nutritional quality of Tifton 85 grass (Cynodon spp.) under different doses of SW in the presence and absence of normal water irrigation. The experiment was set in a randomized block with split plots design, including water irrigated and non-irrigated in the main plots and four doses of SW in the subplots (75, 150, 225 and 300 m3 ha-1 cut-1), with four replicates. The total forage yield and the bromatological value (crude protein, neutral and fibre detergent acid and dry matter digestibility) were evaluated. There was a significant effect of irrigation and SW doses on total dry matter yield, reaching 41.4 Mg ha-1 year-1 using the highest dose of SW (300 m3 ha-1) and irrigation use. Irrigation also provided higher crude protein levels, increasing with linear adjustment to SW doses, reaching 17.9% in the annual average. The neutral detergent fibre and the acid detergent fibre presented lower results under irrigation, reaching 65.4 and 32.6% in the annual average, respectively, and linearly decreased using SW doses. Inverse behavior was observed in the in vitro digestibility of dry matter, which was higher under irrigation, reaching 69.5% in the annual average and presenting linear growth according to doses of SW.
Pages 486-495 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne985
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Shoot topping of ‘Niagara Rosada’ grapevine grafted onto different rootstocks
Marlon Jocimar Rodrigues da Silva*, Ana Paula Maia Paiva, Adilson Pimentel Junior, Camilo André Pereira Contreras Sánchez, Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima, Sarita Leonel, Marco Antonio Tecchio
São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agriculture, Botucatu, José Barbosa de Barros Street, 18610-307, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, Rubião Junior District, 18618-970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
Abstract
Vineyard cultural practices may influence amount of sugars, acids, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of grapes. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different shoot topping levels on the chemical characteristics of the grapes during its maturation, yield and the physicochemical characteristics and phenolic compounds of ‘Niagara Rosada’ grapevine grafted onto different rootstocks. The experiment was conducted in a 2-year-old vineyard of Niagara Rosada cultivar in Southeast of Brazil. The vines were trained on a unilateral cordon system in a vertical shoot positioning. The manual shoot topping was carried by leaving 6, 7, 8 or 9 leaves above the last cluster. Vines were topped 60 days after pruning, when the vines were in the beginning of bunch closure. All vines were grafted onto ‘IAC 766’ and ‘IAC 572’ rootstocks. Fruit maturation curve, yield and physicochemical grapes characteristics were analyzed to determine the effects of shoot topping levels and rootstocks. The rootstocks and the different shoot topping levels did not influence the yield, productivity and cycle duration of ‘Niagara Rosada’ grapevines. Larger and heavier clusters and berries were harvested from vines grafted on ‘IAC 766’ rootstock. However, grapes harvested from grapevines grafted on ‘IAC 572’ rootstock presented higher total anthocyanins content. The shoot topping carried out with 7 or 8 leaves above the latest cluster provided higher sugars, total polyphenols content and antioxidant activity.
Pages 496-504 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne1088
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Chemical attributes of Brazilian Cerrado soil under different management systems
Tatiana Vieira Ramos, Leovigildo Aparecido Costa Santos, Wander Gomes de Souza, Kellen Rabello de Souza, Nauara Lamaro Lima, Luanna Elis Guimarães, Daniel Cardoso Brandão, Jaqueline Pinheiro da Silva, Rosana Alves Gonçalves, Bruno Bastos Gonçalves, Everton Martins Arruda, Francine Neves Calil, Carlos de Melo e Silva-Neto*
Agronomy School, Federal University of Goiás, GO, Brazil
State University of Goiás, Anápolis, GO, Brazil
State University of São Paulo, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
Federal Institute of Educatio, Science and Technology of Goiás, Cidade de Goiás – GO, Brazil
Abstract
Agricultural use and management systems in tropical soils of the Brazilian Cerrado may directly influence its chemical properties, in the conventional cultivation systems with pastures or grains, as well as in areas with a crop-livestock-forest integration system. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the chemical attributes of the soil under different use and management systems. The research was carried out at Boa Vereda Farm, in the state of Goiás, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 5x3 factorial arrangement divided into five production systems: (1) among the rows of Eucalyptus (CLFI), (2) within the rows of Eucalyptus (CLFI), (3) in conventional agricultural monoculture, (4) pasture, and (5) – natural Cerrado (control treatment). Samples were collected in three soil depths (0-0.5; 0.5-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 m), with four replicates each. Among the chemical properties of the soil studied, the organic matter, calcium, magnesium and potassium contents, base saturation, and cation exchange capacity, are higher in the soil with natural Cerrado. The area of agricultural monoculture showed the highest levels of phosphorus and copper, but has the lower levels of organic matter in the soil. The chemical properties of the soil were similar in the CLFI system, regardless of the evaluation point (within or among rows). The chemical properties of the soil evaluated were similar between the pasture cultivated in CLFI and the conventional system. Therefore, the land use and management system do not directly influence the chemical properties of the soils evaluated.
Pages 505-510 | Full Text PDF| doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne1126