Compatibility and antimicrobial activity of Trichoderma spp. combined with diazotrophs and growth-promoting bacteria
Priscilla Costa Gobbi, Maria Laura Turino Mattos*
Embrapa Temperate Climate, 96010-971, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Abstract
The study evaluated the compatibility, in vitro, of diazotrophs Bradyrhizobium spp., and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus spp., widely used as biofertilizers and biostimulantion soybean culture combined with as biofungicides/bionematicides Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma asperellum. Compatibility was evaluated through antagonistic activity and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), using the techniques of dual cultures and disc diffusion, respectively. The experiment was conducted at the soil microbiology laboratory out at the Embrapa Temperate Climate, Pelotas, RS, Brazil. We adopted a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications and the data were submitted to ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (p≤0.05) for compare of the mycelial growth variables, that showed significant difference. B. elkanii strain SEMIA.587 was compatible with all accessions of Trichoderma spp. A. brasilense strains Ab-V5 and Ab-V6, were compatible with the T. asperellum accession UFRA.T09. B. elkanii strain SEMIA.5019, B. japonicum strain SEMIA.5079 and B. diazoefficiens strain SEMIA.5080, B. subtilis strain CNPMS.B2084 and B. megaterium strain CNPMS.B119 inhibited from 47% to 83% the growth of Trichoderma spp. The MIC demonstrated that diazotrophs and PGPB are not sensitive to Trichoderma spp. B. elkanii strain SEMIA.587 can be used in combination with all Trichoderma spp. accessions, as well as the Ab-V5 and Ab-V6 strains of A. brasilense with the T. asperellum accession UFRA.T09 in the inoculation via a seeding furrow.
Received: 22/09/2023 | Revised: 16/12/2023 | Accepted: 22/01/2024
Pages 786-793 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.12.p17
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In vitro and in vivo fungicidal and anti-ochratoxigenic activities of the essential oils of Backhousia citriodora and Lippia origanoides Kunth. in coffee fruits
Luana Isac Soares, Sara Maria Chalfoun, Rafaela Magalhães Brandão, Vanuzia Rodrigues Fernandes Ferreira, Wilder Douglas Santiago, Richard Bispo Barbosa, Caroline Lima Angélico, Marcus Vinicius Prado Alves, David Lee Nelson, Maria das Graças Cardoso*
Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), CEP 37200-900, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Campus Universitário, CEP 37200-900, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biocombustíveis, Universidade Federal do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, CEP 39100-900, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Abstract
The fungicidal and anti-ochratoxigenic potentials of the essential oils (EO's) from Backhousia citriodora and Lippia origanoides were studied through in vitro and in vivo tests on coffee fruits. The EO's were extracted by hydrodistillation and characterized by gas chromatography using mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and flame ionization detectors (GC-FID) The in vitro antifungal activity of EOs against A. carbonarius and A. ochraceus was determined by measuring the percentage of inhibition of mycelial growth (MFC). The in vivo antifungal potential was evaluated by plating fractions of the pericarp and coffee beans (Coffea arabica L. and Catuaí) inoculated with spore suspensions and sprayed with essential oils (Blotter Test). The inhibition of OTA synthesis in vivo was quantified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The geranial (57.55%) and neral (42.44%) isomers were the principal compounds from the B. citriodora EO, and carvacrol (65.53%), p-cymene (12.13%) and thymol (7.05%) were found in the EO from L. origanoides. The EO’s from L. origanoides and B. citriodora inhibited the growth of A. carbonarius at a minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 250 μL L-1 and 500 μL L-1, respectively, and they inhibited the growth of A. ochraceus at a MFC of 500 μL L-1 and 250 μL L-1, respectively. The EO's presented an antitoxigenic effect on coffee fruits and can be promising for improving the quality and maintaining the safety of the coffee beans as well as the beverage.
Received: 04/12/2023 | Revised: 04/01/2024 | Accepted: 02/02/2024
Pages 794-800 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.12.p3402
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Investigating abiotic and biotic parameters associated with gradually declining Valencia citrus trees in South Africa
Mathys C. Pretorius*, N. Labuschagne, M. Daneel, P. Raath, P. Cadet, A. McLeod
Citrus Research International, P. O. Box 28, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
Agricultural Research Council - Tropical and Subtropical Crops, Private Bag X11208, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa
Moulin de Lespinasse, 473, Route de Lespinasse, F-42640 St Forgeux, Lespinasse, France
Department of Plant Pathology, Private Bag X1, University of Stellenbosch, 7601, South Africa
Abstract
The current study determined if a combination of biotic and abiotic parameters could differentiate Citrus sinensis trees (three categories based on visual tree canopy status) with root disease-related decline symptoms in two citrus orchards. Two experimental sites, containing a range of healthy and different stages of decline trees, were randomly selected. Three decline category trees were selected with abiotic and biotic parameters associated with decline measured. Principal component analyses of 41 soil, leaf, root and trunk associated parameters ordered the category 1 to 3 trees chronologically on the factorial plan for both orchards. However, the parameters only described a low level of the variability. Only the healthy (category 1) and more diseased (category 3) trees were studied further. Soil electrical conductivity and leaf %N, were the only parameters differing significantly between the two categories in both orchards, but both parameters were significantly higher in category 3 trees in orchard 1 whereas the opposite was true for orchard 2 with significantly higher values in category 1 trees. In the more severely declining MP1 orchard, parameters differing significantly between the two categories included soil Na, cation exchange capacity and leaf Fe, B, Mo and Zn. In orchard MP2, parameters were soil %C, soil citrus nematodes, leaf size and leaf %Na and %Mg. Discriminant analysis indicated that leaf parameters were more specifically associated with decline. Leaf nutrient status can possible be an additional process to indicate decline.
Received: 04/12/2023 | Revised: 20/02/2024 | Accepted: 29/02/2024
Pages 801-810 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.12.p3836
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Charaterization of salinity tolerance level in grafted rockmelon as affected by cucurbit rootstocks and NaCl levels
Muhamad Hafiz Muhamad Hassan, Muhammad Najib Othman Ghani, Yahya Awang, Juju Nakasha Jaafar, Muhamad Hazim Nazli*
Agronomy and Production System Department, Horticulture Research Centre, Malaysia Agriculture Research and Development Institute, 06050, Bukit Kayu Hitam, Kedah, Malaysia
Agronomy and Production System Department, Industrial Crop Research Centre, Malaysia, Agriculture Research and Development Institute, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstract
Supplementation of salt in normal fertigation system is a cheap and easy method for fruit quality improvement but it is not yet proven in rockmelon. However, supply of salt may detrimentally affect rockmelon growth and yield since it is classified as sensitive to salt stress. Grafting using salt-tolerant cucurbit rootstocks is a cheap and easy method to increase the salt tolerance level thus producing salt-tolerant rockmelon planting materials suited for salt supplementation. Rockmelon (Cucumis melo L.) var. Glamour scion was grafted onto three cucurbit rootstocks; rockmelon as control, bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) var Mutiara and bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) var Wira. Grafted rockmelon seedlings were planted into polyethylene bags and subjected to four levels of NaCl at 0, 25, 50 and 75 mM. Two factorial experiment was done and arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data on growth, sodium and chloride ion concentrations in leaf and root were collected at 18 days after transplanting (DAT). Self-grafted rockmelon showed significantly high performance in most of the growth parameters recorded as compared to others due to high graft compatibility followed by rockmelon/ bottle gourd. However, graft combination of rockmelon/ bottle gourd showed significantly lowest Na and Cl ions accumulation in the leaves as compared to others. This treatment graft combination also indicated highest salinity tolerance level due to the toxic ion exclusion mechanism available in bottle gourd rootstock. In conclusion, rockmelon/ bottle gourd can be classified as the least salt-sensitive among the graft combinations making it is suitable to be cultivated under saline environment for fruit quality enhancement.
Received: 10/11/2023 | Revised: 30/04/2024 | Accepted: 23/08/2024
Pages 811-818 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.12.p4109
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Use of clove basil extract (Ocimum gratissimum) as a nematode control strategy in cropping systems
Leonardo Cesar Pradebon, Jaqueline Piesanti Sangiovo, Ivan Ricardo Carvalho, Murilo Vieira Loro, Larissa Alves de Castro Jocarelli Rossini, Tuane Araldi da Silva, Carlos Roberto Polaquini, Isadora Amalfi de Souza Pinto, Luiz Henrique da Silva Barros, Luís Fernando Maranho Watanabe, Lays Garcia Meireles
Regional University of the Northwest of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Ijuí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Biotrop - Biological and Natural Solutions, Vinhedo, São Paulo, Brazil
Abstract
Nematodes are responsible for significant losses in agriculture, especially in crops of great agronomic interest. Control alternatives, with an emphasis on reducing costs and minimizing environmental impacts, have been used, such as the use of biological products based on microorganisms and plant extracts. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of Ocimum gratissimum L. in controlling the nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica for lettuce and Pratylenchus brachyurus in bean crops. Experiments were carried out to evaluate biological nematicides in each culture individually. In each culture, experiments were carried out in multi-environments in the states of SC, PR, and SP in Brazil. The experimental design of randomized blocks and four replications was used across all experiments. Agronomic characters, nematode incidence and nematicide efficiency were evaluated for each crop. Analysis of variance was performed to verify the significance of variation effects through the F test at 5% probability. Subsequently, the Tukey mean multiple comparison test was used at a 5% probability level. The results showed that use of Ocimum gratissimum L. reduces the populations of nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne javanica in lettuce and Pratylenchus brachyurus in beans in 47%.
Received: 19/01/2024 | Revised: 03/09/2024 | Accepted: 23/09/2024
Pages 819-824 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| Supplementary Data PDF | https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.12.p96
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Identifying soybean progenies with high grain productivity and stress resilience to abiotic stresses
Willyan Júnior Adorian Bandeira, Ivan Ricardo Carvalho*, Murilo Vieira Loro, José Antonio Gonzalez da Silva, João Pedro Dalla Roza, Victor Delino Barasuol Scarton, Gabriel Mathias Weimer Bruinsma, Leonardo Cesar Pradebon
Regional University of the Northwest of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Ijuí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Abstract
This work aimed to select transgressive soybean progenies aiming at grain productivity and resilience to abiotic stresses. An incomplete block design augmented with interspersed controls was used, with segregating F2 populations conducted in four different environments. The number of seeds per plant (NSP) and seed weight per plant (SWP) were determined for all plants selected in the field, to determine the superiority of the genotypes in comparison with 25 commercial soybean controls. The REML (restricted maximum likelihood) methodology was used to estimate genetic parameters and variance components. Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) was used to identify populations with transgressive genotypes for the evaluated traits. The Index of Genetic Selection for Resilience (IGSR∆) was also calculated for each selected genotype, as a way of determining the genetic gains of each population. Heritability values of 0.25 and 0.24 were observed for NSP and SWP, respectively. 264 superior lines were selected for SWP and 273 superior lines for NSP, with the largest number of superior genotypes for both variables selected in the environments of Boa Vista do Cadeado – RS and Eugênio de Castro – RS. The progenies selected from populations IRC 002, IRC 012, IRC 013, IRC 034 showed high potential. The progenies selected for IRC 032 and IRC 049 showed the greatest potential for resilience.
Received: 22/01/2024 | Revised: 14/09/2024 | Accepted: 23/09/2024
Pages 825-830 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| Supplementary Data PDF | https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.12.p98
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Nitrogen management in golden and brown flax crops
Diego Nicolau Follmann*, Alessandro Dal'Col Lúcio, João Pedro Velho, Volmir Sergio Marchioro, Maicon Nardino, Tiago Olivoto, Carine Meier, Luis Antônio Klein, Tiago Mateus de Oliveira, Bruna Regina Carvalho Pinto, Mayferson Valmir Rotta Schlickmann, Jéssica Cezar Cassol
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - Department of Phytotechny - Santa Maria (RS), Brazil
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - Palmeira das Missões (RS), Brazil
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - Department of Agronomic and Environmental Sciences - Frederico Westphalen (RS), Brazil
Universidade Federal de Viçosa - Department of Phytotechny - Viçosa (MG), Brazil
5Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Department of Phytotechny, Florianópolis (SC), Brazil
Escola Agrícola Celeste Gobbato - Palmeira das Missões (RS), Brazil
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - Graduate Program in Agronomy, Santa Maria (RS), Brazil
Abstract
The cultivation of oleaginous flax, winter cultivation, intended for grain production in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. A few decades ago, the primary purpose of cultivation was to meet the demand of industries for the production of varnishes and paints. Currently, there is a growing interest in the culture for human consumption of grains in natura as food ingredients and oil consumption, as it is considered noble due to the high content of omega 3. For many decades, investment in research for flax cultivation was low, generating a gap in the literature for crop management, such as the adjustment of cover nitrogen recommendation for flax. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance of oleaginous flax, brown and golden varieties, in subtropical and tropical climates in Brazil to adjust N management, based on cover nitrogen fertilization. The experiments were conducted in three cultivation sites in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and one site in Minas Gerais. The experiments were conducted on the following soils: Arenic Dystrophic Red-Yellow Argisol (Santa Maria-RS), Dystrophic Red Latosol for the municipality (Palmeira das Missões-RS), Ferric Alumino Red Latosol (Frederico Westphalen-RS), Yellow Red Argisol (Viçosa-MG). The treatments consisted of a bifactorial (2 x 6), with two varieties of oleaginous flax, (brown and golden), and six doses of nitrogen (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 kg ha-1. The dose of 81.08 kg ha-1 is enough for the adequate agronomic performance of flax brown and golden varieties crops in subtropical and tropical climate environments with regular water availability, based on the maximum technical efficiency for the use of cover N.
Received: 05/02/2024 | Revised: 09/07/2024 | Accepted: 06/09/2024
Pages 831-836 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.12.p114
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Breeding new japonica TGMS lines and primary evaluation of its F1 combinations
Tran Thi Huyen, Tran Van Quang*, Phung Danh Huan, Hoang Dang Dung, Nguyen Van Muoi, Nguyen Thi Tram, Pham Thi Ngoc Yen, Nguyen Thanh Tuan, Tran Hoang Lan
Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam Nantional University of Agriculture
Crop Research and Development Institute, Vietnam Nantional University of Agriculture
Department of Crop Production, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
Center for Experimental and Vocational training, Vietnam Nantional University of Agriculture
Abstract
The breeding of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) began in Vietnam in the 1990s and greatly increased rice yield. However, almost all combinations are indica hybrids. This study created 12 novel japonica TGMS lines by using phenotype selection and the molecular-assisted selection (MAS) method from indica TGMS and tropical japonica inbred cross. The results showed that all the novel japonica TGMS lines had good fertility-sterility alteration behavior, complete sterility in artificial and field conditions, and good agronomic traits. The growth duration of the japonica TGMS lines varied from 125 to 144 days and the plant height of the lines varied from 98.8 to 117.3 cm. The outcrossing rate (OCR) of the japonica TGMS lines was lower than its check (T6S), which varied from 24.1% (TJ12) to 64.8% (TJ9) and from 22.2% (TJ12) to 62.9% (TJ9) under bagged and natural conditions, respectively. The new TGMS were japonica genotype and phenotype based on the Chen index result. The result of the test crosses showed that the F1 combinations of the two japonica TGMS lines TJ6 and TJ12 reveal good heterosis. The F1 combinations yield were 7.9 and 7.8 tons/ha compared to 7.4 tons/ha of the check. The amylose content of these two F1 combinations was lower than the check 18.1% and 17.8%, respectively. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated that the using of japonica TGMS for japonica hybrid in Vietnam is promising although further studies are required to improve the OCR of japonica TGMS lines.
Received: 23/02/2024 | Revised: 17/07/2024 | Accepted: 19/07/2024
Pages 837-846 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.12.p124
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Role of rice bacterial endophytes from organic and conventional paddy fields as biofertilizers and bio-resistance inducers against insecticide toxicity
Vita Ratri Cahyani*, Sudadi, Hadiwiyono, Laily Shofiyah
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret ¬University, Indonesia
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret ¬University, Indonesia
Master Study Program of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret, University, Indonesia
Abstract
Different management methods of paddy fields affects plant growth and associated microbiota, including endophytes over long periods. This study aimed to isolate and compare the functional capabilities of endophytic bacteria from the roots and leaves of rice plants cultivated in organic and conventional paddy fields. After surface sterilization of the roots and leaves samples the endophytic bacteria were isolated on agar plates using NA, YEMA, and Pikovskaya media. Results showed the higher diversity and population density of endophytic bacteria in rice plants from organic fields compared to conventional fields. A total of 28 distinct bacterial colonies were purified, subcultured, and characterized for multifunctional abilities as biofertilizers and resistance to insecticides (chlorantraniliprole 100 g L-1 and thiamethoxam 200 g L-1). Each of the selected isolates of YEROI-1, PELOI-3, and NEROI-2 that were closely related to Burkholderia sp., Burkholderia seminalis and Bacillus paramycoides, respectively. The isolates and control were applied to rice seedling in agarose medium with and without insecticide (10 x) dose using completely randomized design with three replications. The result showed that isolate NEROI-2 significantly increased rice seedling growth and induced resistance to insecticide toxicity, followed by PELOI-3. In contrast, YEROI-1 inhibited rice seedling growth. The present finding revealed the functional capability of the selected isolates by in vitro and in vivo (soilless media) assessments. Further studies are needed to confirm the capability of the selected isolates in a greenhouse experiment by using soil media.
Pages 847-857 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| Supplementary Data PDF | https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.12.p134
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Comprehensive analysis of rural agro-industry and technical assistance in Pará, Brazil
Marcos Antonio Correa Matos do Amaral, Greyce Kelly Tavares Corrêa, Eucimar Souza de Jesus, Carlos Alberto Quiloango-Chimarro, Jéfferson de Oliveira Costa
Federal University of West Para/UFOPA, Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, 68040-255 Belém, PA, Brazil
Federal University of West Para/UFOPA, Juruti campus, 68170-000 Juruti, PA, Brazil
University of São Paulo/USP-ESALQ, Biosystems Engineering Department, C.P. 09, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
Minas Gerais Agricultural Research Agency/EPAMIG, Experimental Field of Gorutuba, 39525-000 Nova Porteirinha, MG, Brazil
Abstract
Rural agribusiness in the state of Pará has gained recognition across Brazil for its promotion of sustainable agricultural practices, such as family farming, agroecology, and sustainable forest management. However, the current situation of Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (ATER) in the state of Pará remains a complex and weak process. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of rural agribusiness and ATER in the state of Pará by analyzing the number and size of rural establishments, the profile of rural producers, the types of ATER received by producers, the rural activities carried out, and the income generated. The data used for this research was obtained from the 2017 Agricultural Census conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The main findings of the analysis of the local rural agro-industry scenario revealed that a total of 91,913 establishments were engaged in rural agribusiness in the state of Pará, primarily those with land areas of less than 50 hectares (75,727 establishments). Family farmers predominated, with access to programs such as PRONAF and PRONAMP. The major products included manioc flour, cheese, fruit pulp, beef, and rice grain, with cassava flour, charcoal, and rice grain also notable for their production and sales quantities. Access to ATER in Pará remains limited, reaching only 4% of agricultural establishments. ATER beneficiaries tend to belong to higher income brackets and are primarily engaged in livestock farming, while non-ATER beneficiaries are more involved in temporary crop activities. The census revealed that family farmers make up the majority of producers, with many accessing PRONAF credit lines and a smaller percentage benefiting from PRONAMP initiatives.
Received: 21/03/2024 | Revised: 05/07/2024 | Accepted: 02/09/2024
Pages 858-865 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.12.p148
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Productivity and chemical composition of Pennisetum purpureum cv. BRS Capiaçu at different harvest ages
Emerson Silva Miranda, Fagton de Mattos Negrão*, Lucien Bissi da Freiria, Raphael dos Santos Gomes, Alan Andrade Mesquita, Rafael Henrique Pereira dos Reis, Junio Cesar Martinez, Eduardo Mitke Brandao Reis, Fabiana Alves Demeu, Maria Helena Ferrari, João Carlos Arruda de Oliveira, Daniele de Jesus Ferreira, Anderson de Moura Zanine, Luciano da Silva Cabral
Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
Federal Institute of Rondônia, Colorado do Oeste, RO, Brazil
State University of Mato Grosso, Pontes e Lacerda, MT, Brazil
Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
Federal Institute of Rondônia, Ariquemes, RO, Brazil
Federal Institute of Rondônia, Vilhena, RO, Brazil
Federal University of Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, Brazil
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2134-0974
Abstract
Livestock farming in the tropics faces several challenges, especially the scarcity of forage during the year's dry season. In this context, it is crucial to generate information about forages that can be used for roughage supplementation. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the productivity and chemical composition of Pennisetum purpureum cv. BRS Capiaçu was subjected to different harvest ages after the standardization cut the North region. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four treatments and five replicates (blocks), with harvest intervals of 60, 90, 120, and 150 days after the standardization cut. The increase in the age of BRS Capiaçu grass promoted a higher production of dry matter per unit area, with the production of 84.49 Mg ha-1 after 150 days. The crude protein content was linearly reduced (P < 0.01) from 14.37% at 60 days to 3.51% at 150 days. The best indication of quality in the levels of neutral detergent insoluble fiber (74.59%) and acid detergent insoluble fiber (43.93%) was observed at 90 days. Therefore, a harvest interval between 90 and 120 days of the standardization cut is recommended because it holds a balance between yield and fiber quality. Ages more significant than 120 days significantly impair the chemical composition of the forage.
Received: 04/04/2024 | Revised: 03/07/2024 | Accepted: 02/09/2024
Pages 866-870 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.12.p163
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Fruit maturity and production of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) subjected to cow bio-urine and NPKMg fertilizer
M Amrul Khoiri*, Syafrinal, Gian Juliano, M Guna Setiawan, Aan Royfan
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Riau, Bina Widya Campus, Pekanbaru 28293, Riau, Indonesia
Department of Soil Science and Land Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, IPB Darmaga Campus, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, IPB Darmaga Campus, Bogor 16680, West Java, Indonesia
Abstract
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a valuable commodity that contributes significantly to the Indonesian economy. The current decrease in oil palm production is partly attributed to the substandard quality of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) and the duration of fruit maturation. Therefore, appropriate fertilization is essential to enhance oil palm production. One potential solution involves the utilization of cow bio-urine in conjunction with NPKMg fertilizer. Both bio-urine and NPKMg fertilizer contain essential nutrients that promote increased oil palm production. This study was conducted in an oil palm plantation in Riau province, situated at an altitude of 34 meters above sea level, on Inceptisol soil with a flat topography. The region experiences a wet tropical climate with an annual rainfall ranging from 2,000 to 3,000 mm and is classified as type B in the Schmidt-Ferguson classification. The research was conducted experimentally in a 3x3 factorial design using a completely randomized design (CRD). Factor I, cow bio-urine, comprised of 3 levels (0, 2.5, and 5 liters per plant), while Factor II, NPKMg fertilizer, consisted of 3 levels (0, 1.5, and 3 kg per plant). The oil palm variety used was DxP PPKS SP 540, which was 48 months old after being planted in the field. The study results revealed that the application of 5 liters of cow bio-urine per plant, in combination with a 3 kg dose of NPKMg fertilizer, accelerated oil palm fruit maturation by 10 days compared to plants that did not receive this combination. Providing 2.5 liters of cow bio-urine per plant with a 3 kg dose of NPKMg fertilizer increased the number of FFB by 33% and the weight of FFB by 36% compared to plants that did not receive fertilization.
Received: 07/04/2024 | Revised: 06/08/2024 | Accepted: 06/09/2024
Pages 871-877 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.12.p166
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Biochar as drought management to enhance tolerance and recovery of sugarcane
Thi-Thuy-Hang Vu, Thi-Tuyet-Cham Le, Ngoc-Thang Vu*
Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
Abstract
Drought is becoming a serious constraint to sugarcane production, requiring efficient management strategies to mitigate its adverse effects. This study revealed effective use of biochar as a drought management strategy for sugarcane. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three biochar rates (0 - control, 5- and 10-tons ha-1) under normal watering condition (control) and 4-week drought treatments during vegetative stage of sugarcane. Results showed that drought and biochar application significantly affected growth, physiological responses and recovery of sugarcane. During 1–4-week drought period, plant height, leaf number, and stalk diameter were significantly reduced compared to the control. A 4-week drought resulted in 10 – 50% reduction in leaf areas, root length and volume, and biomass relative to control. Drought reduced Fv/Fm and increased relative ion leakage and water saturation deficit. Sugarcane showed recovery ability after 4-week drought, with recovery ranging from 3% to 70% compared to the point prior stress released. Increasing biochar rate to 10 tons ha-1 had significantly positive effects on sugarcane growth and physiological responses under both normal and drought conditions. Biochar application also supported plant recovery, suggesting that biochar is an effective alternative strategy for mitigating adverse effects of drought.
Received: 12/04/2024 | Revised: 24/08/2024 | Accepted: 18/09/2024
Pages 878-884 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| Supplementary Data PDF | https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.12.p172
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Effects of nutrient omission on growth and nutritional status of crambe (Crambe abyssinica) plants in eastern Amazon
Karen Sabrina de Brito Sousa, Ismael de Jesus Matos Viégas, José Darlon Nascimento Alves*, Heráclito Eugênio Oliveira da Conceição, Bianca Cavalcante da Silva, Diocléa Almeida Seabra Silva, Jairo Neves de Oliveira, Ricardo Shigueru Okumura, Dágila Melo Rodrigues
Engenheira Agrônoma formada pela UFRA Campus de Capanema – PA, Brazil
Engenheiro Agrônomo, Doutor em Ciências Agrárias e Ex Pesquisador da EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental – Belém - PA, Brazil.
Professor do IFPA, Campus Óbidos – PA, Brazil
Professor da UFRA Campus de Capitão Poço – PA, Brasil
Doutoranda em Agronomia (Produção Vegetal). FCAV/Unesp, Jaboticabal – SP, Brazil
Professora da UFRA Campus de Capanema – PA, Brasil
Doutorando em Agronomia (Ciência do Solo). FCAV/Unesp, Jaboticabal – SP, Brazil
Professor da UFRA Campus de Parauapebas – PA, Brazil
Doutorado em Engenharia Agrícola pela Universidade de Santa Maria - RS, Brazil
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the impact of nutrient omission and liming on the growth and nutritional status of crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst) plants in the eastern Amazon region of Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Campus Capitão Poço, Pará, Brazil. The experimental design was a completely randomized block with 11 treatments and five repetitions. The treatments were as follows: control without lime, control with lime, complete with lime, nitrogen (N) omission with lime, phosphorus (P) omission with lime, potassium (K) omission with lime, calcium (Ca) omission without lime, magnesium (Mg) omission without lime, sulfur (S) omission with lime, boron (B) omission with lime, and zinc (Zn) omission with lime. Following a 60-day period of cultivation, an evaluation was conducted on the biometric variables, biomass production, nutrient concentration, and the presence of symptoms indicative of nutrient deficiencies (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, and Zn). The experimental data indicated that the omission of nutrients had a deleterious effect on the biometric variables in comparison to the complete treatment with lime. The control treatments with and without the addition of lime, as well as the treatment with P omission with lime, exhibited the most restricted plant growth, with plant height measuring less than 7.0 cm and the number of leaves lower than 3.5. The plants exhibited deficiency symptoms indicative of deficiencies in their development. The most pronounced severe symptoms were observed in the treatments involving P omission with lime and in both controls with and without lime. These findings highlight the necessity of applying lime to the soil in crambe crops and underscore that P is the most limiting nutrient for this crop.
Received: 18/04/2024 | Revised: 20/08/2024 | Accepted: 18/09/2024
Pages 885-893 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.12.p180
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Biomass production and nutrient accumulation in some important tropical forage grasses for use in integrated crop-livestock systems
Alexandre César Mauri, Antonio Leandro Chaves Gurgel*, Lucas Ruaro Bublitz, Vitor Cardoso Queiroz, Kermilly de Souza Lima, Marcos Jácome de Araújo, Tairon Pannunzio Dias-Silva, Armando Alves de Carvalho, Kennedy Rabelo de Carvalho, Gelson dos Santos Difante, Patrick Bezerra Fernandes, João Virgínio Emerenciano Neto, Luís Carlos Vinhas Ítavo
Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, Federal University of Piauí – Bom Jesus, PI, Brazil
College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
Federal Institute Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, GO, Brazil
Academic Unit Specializing in Agricultural Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Macaíba, RN, Brazil
Abstract
integrated crop-livestock systems refer to a production technique in which pasture, crops, and/or trees are intentionally integrated, either in consortium or rotation, aiming to harness the synergistic effects of the components. In this context, the selection of the forage plant that will make up the pasture component of the system must be done with careful rigor, aiming to harness the synergy in production. It was aimed to evaluate the productive characteristics, the accumulation of nutrients, and the carbon/nitrogen ratio on biomass of forage grasses cultivated in the off-season, in Cerrado soils, aiming for their use as cover plants in integrated crop-livestock systems. The treatments were distributed in a randomized block design with four replications each. They comprised of different tropical forage grasses: Brachiaria ruziziensis, Brachiaria brizantha (Piatã grass), and Panicum maximum (Zuri grass). The productive characteristics, nutrient accumulation and carbon/nitrogen ratio in the biomass of forage grasses were evaluated. There was no effect of cultivar on the stem accumulation rate (P>0.05). However, the Zuri grass stood out as it presented higher rates of forage and leaf accumulation (P< 0.05), resulting in higher values of total forage mass and leaf blade for this growing crop (P< 0.05). No significant (P > 0.05) variations were identified in the concentrations of phosphorus, potassium, copper, iron, and zinc between the different cultivars. However, it is noteworthy that Ruziziensis and the Zuri grass showed greater (P<0.05) accumulation of calcium and magnesium. Higher values (P>0.05) of N accumulation (kg ha-1) were recorded in the Piatã and Zuri grass. The C/N ratio did not change depending on the cultivars (P>0.05), with an average value of 39.1 ± 4.3. Zuri grass is a viable option for straw production in integrated crop-livestock systems, due to the greater accumulation of forage and minerals in its biomass.
Received: 23/04/2024 | Revised: 21/08/2024 | Accepted: 21/08/2024
Pages 894-899 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.12.p190
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Morpho-agronomic trait responses of maize growing in various substrates to waterlogging at the flowering stage
Edi Wiraguna*, Agief Julio Pratama, Muhammad Iqbal Nurulhaq, Sudarsono Sudarsono
Plantation Production Technology and Management, College of Vocational Studies, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor, Indonesia
Agricultural Community Production Technology and Development, College of Vocational Studies, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor, Indonesia
Centre for Agrarian Studies, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor, Indonesia
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, (Bogor Agricultural University), Jl. Meranti, Bogor, West Java, 16680, Indonesia
Abstract
Waterlogging and types of plant growth substrates are common abiotic stresses that decrease maize (Zea mays L) yield and biomass production. This study aims to identify the growth and development of maize crops in two different growing mediums, assess the impact of waterlogging during the flowering stage on yield, and analyse the interactions between morpho-agronomic traits at harvest. The experiment design of this study was factorial with a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with two factors. The first factor was various plant growth substrates, and the second was the duration of waterlogging (waterlogging for seven hours during the flowering time and control). Seeds were sown in polybags containing potting mixes or a mixture of potting mix: latosol soil (1:1). Plant height was measured during the vegetative stage, and morpho-agronomic traits of stem diameter, ear diameter, fresh root weight, ear length, and yield were recorded at harvest. The potting substrate did not affect plant height. On the other hand, waterlogging for seven hours at the flowering stage significantly reduced yield by 25% compared to control. The correlation between morpho-agronomic traits during harvest showed that yield positively and significantly correlates with ear length. The positive correlation between ear length and yield was useful to indicate the maize yield. Waterlogging for seven hours during the flowering stage significantly reduced maize yield by 25%, while the potting substrate did not affect plant height.
Received: 24/04/2024 | Revised: 23/08/2024 | Accepted: 18/09/2024
Pages 900-904 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.12.p191
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Influence of auxin on growth, physiology, and yield of potato exposed to high temperature episode
Charles, O. Obiero*, Stephen, P. Milroy, Richard, W. Bell
Potato Research Western Australia, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street Murdoch, Western Australia 6150
Agriculture Discipline, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street Murdoch, Western Australia 6150
Abstract
Literature suggests that gibberellic acid (GA) controls growth in potatoes grown at temperatures above 25 °C. However, potato responses to high-temperature episodes are more consistent with known effects of auxins. It was hypothesized that auxin inhibition is responsible for potato response to a high-temperature episode. This study investigated the influence of an auxin, Indole-3-acetid acid (IAA) and an auxin inhibitor, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) (Expt. 1) and four concentrations of IAA (0, 5, 15, 45 µM) (Expt. 2) on potato plants exposed to nine days of 30 °C in greenhouse experiments. Plants were grown at the control (22 °C) before and after the end of a high-temperature episode. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) (i.e., IAA and TIBA) and the high temperature were applied simultaneously, shortly after tuber initiation. TIBA had a similar impact on plant and tuber growth at 22 °C as did the 30 °C treatment on plants without plant growth regulators (No-PGRs). IAA did not change the growth of plants and tubers under the 30 °C treatment. However, both PGRs increased photosynthesis (leaf 7 emerged before high-temperature application) and chlorophyll concentration index (CCI) (same leaf 7 and leaf 3 that emerged at 30 °C). In conclusion, TIBA impaired plant and tuber growth similarly to the 30 °C episode but IAA did not overcome the impact of the 30 °C episode. These findings suggest that auxin related processes play a role in how potato plants respond to high temperature episodes.
Received: 30/05/2024 | Revised: 28/08/2024 | Accepted: 10/09/2024
Pages 905-915 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.12.p217
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Pollen fertility of Myrianthus arboreus (P. Beauv) in five localities in Côte d’Ivoire
Konan Ella N’DRI*, Bi Boh Nestor GORE, Koffi Brice Aymar KOUASSI, Doffou Sélastique AKAFFOU
Polytechnic University of San Pedro, 01 BP 1800 San Pedro 01, Côte d’Ivoire
Jean Lorougnon Guédé University of Daloa, BP 150 Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire
Abstract
Pollen fertility could have a significant effect on fruit quality and seed production in most plants. This study was carried out to evaluate the pollen fertility of Myrianthus arboreus in the localities of Abengourou, Adzopé, Daloa, Diabo and Zouan Hounien. The vegetation of these localities, consisting largely of forest, has disappeared in favor of fallow land and orchards. Rainfall varies between 1000 and 2200 mm of water per year with an average monthly temperature of 27 °C. The soil is generally ferralitic. One hundred and fifty plants, aged at least 5 years, were evaluated in 2018. Pollen viability was assessed by staining with 1.5 % acetocarmine. Germination was tested in vitro, on two different culture media. The results revealed that the viability rates of pollen grains of plants from Abengourou, Adzopé, Daloa, Diabo and Zouan Hounien were 94.35 %, 93.52 %, 93.59 %, 65.35 % and 93.33 %, respectively. The germination rates with medium 1 were 93.29 % for Abengourou plants, 92.12 % for Adzopé, 92.95 % for Daloa, 63.29 % for Diabo and 92.14 % for Zouan Hounien. Concerning medium 2, the rates were 91.73 %, 90.56 %, 90.51 %, 61.87 % and 90.36 %, respectively, for the plants of Abengourou, Adzopé, Daloa, Diabo and Zouan Hounien. The correlation test carried out on the two fertility parameters revealed the existence of a strong positive correlation between the viability rate and the pollen germination rate.
Received: 16/07/2024 | Revised: 10/11/2024 | Accepted: 14/11/2024
Pages 916-921 | Read Article| Full Text PDF| https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.12.p244