November 2012 | Australian Journal of Crop Science| AJCS

Influence of moisture content and whitening method on degree of milling and head rice yield of three Iranian rice varieties

M. Sadeghi, S. H. Hoseinian, A. Hemmat

Abstract
In spite of good aroma and flavor, common rice varieties in Isfahan province (central Iran) encounter high breakage losses during milling. In this research, head rice yield (HRY) and degree of milling (DOM) of three rice varieties namely, Sazandegi, Sorkheh and Nogaran (all Japonica, medium-grain and aromatic), whitened by abrasive and frictional rice millers were investigated. The experiments were conducted at moisture content (MC) levels of 8, 10, 12 and 14% (w.b.). The DOM was measured by two methods: mass degree of milling (DOM_M) and degree of milling measured by a milling meter (DOM_MM). The results showed that the effect of all three independent variables on HRY and DOMs were significant. Among varieties, Sorkheh and Sazandegi had the maximum values of HRY and DOM, respectively. In frictional rice miller, HRY decreased with an increase in MC. In contrary, both DOMs increased as MC increased. However, the effect of MC on HRY and DOM_MM was not significant for abrasive type. In frictional whitener, DOM_M increased as DOM_MM was increased. When milling by abrasive rice miller, DOM_MM value of 40 is optimum for Sorkheh variety. Moreover, for Sazandegi, Nogaran and Sorkheh the minimum DOM_MM values of 51, 47 and 55 are respectively recommended when using frictional rice miller. In terms of three dependent parameters, abrasive rice miller indicated better performance and consequently could be proposed for milling varieties under investigation.

Pages 1481-1485 | Full Text PDF

Genetic diversity revealed utility of SSR markers in classifying parental lines and elite genotypes of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

KN. Ganapathy, SS. Gomashe, S. Rakshit, B. Prabhakar, SS. Ambekar, RB. Ghorade, BD. Biradar, U. Saxena and JV. Patil

Abstract
Genetic diversity among 82 rainy and post-rainy sorghum genotypes from India was studied using a set of 35 SSR markers distributed across all the linkage groups. A total of 198 alleles were recorded with an average of 5.71 per primer pair. The polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.02 (Xisep 0310) to 0.86 (sb5-206) with a mean of 0.49, indicating high discriminating ability of the SSR markers used. Jaccard’s similarity coefficients and cluster analysis revealed substantial diversity among the genotypes. Very high estimate of fixation index (FST = 0.35, P= 0.001) was obtained when genotypes were structured as rainy and post-rainy season adaptation, and a much higher estimate (FST = 0.40, P= 0.001) was obtained when the genotypes were classified as varieties, maintainers, restorers and germplasm lines. This indicates strong distinction based on usage groups. Pairwise FST values based on usage groups corresponded well with the Nei’s genetic distances. We were able to distinguish parental lines of hybrids based on their fertility groups, especially lines from rainy season sorghum, using SSR markers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in sorghum demonstrating the utility of SSR markers in classifying lines based on their fertility groups. Our results have significant implications in classifying parental lines into heterotic groups for their use in heterosis breeding. The divergent maintainer and restorer lines identified based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficients could serve as effective candidates for hybrid development.

Pages 1486-1493 | Full Text PDF | Supplementary data

Effects of bacteria and arbuscular mycorhizae inoculation at different electrical conductivity level on growth and yield of rockmelon (Cucumis melo) under soilless culture

B. Zulkarami, M.I. Tajul, A. Fariz, M.O. Husni, A. Norazrin, O. Radziah, I. Mohd Razi and M.Y. Rafii

Abstract
Interaction between bacteria and arbuscular mycorhizae has been known to benefit growth of plants in over the world. An investigation was conducted to evaluate the growth and yield of rockmelon plant (Cucumis melo) as influenced by Burkholderia cepacia and Glomus mossae in a soilless culture (70% coconut dust+30% empty fruit bunch compost). Four treatments, control (un-inoculated), B. cepacia, G. mossae and mixtures of B. cepacia and G. mossae (B. cepacia+G. mossae), and three electrical conductivity levels of fertilizer (1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 dS/m), were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with eight replicates. Leaf area meter and photosynthesis rate were the highest in G. mossae and mixture of B. cepacia and G. mossae with 7973 cm² and 14.66 µmol/m²/s, respectively. The sweetness of the fruit in all the treatments in between 11-12% Brix to the control indicating that enough sugar content was accepted for market demand. Results showed that EC with 2.0 dS/m was the optimum for growth and yield of rockmelon. Interestingly, pH was increased by 0.5, 1.37 and 0.34% at 30 DAT and 0.17, 1.72 and 1.72% at 70 DAT in B. cepacia, G. mossae and B. cepacia+G. mossae compared than control, respectively. Individual fruit weights were increased by 22, 22 and 18% in B. cepacia, G. mossae and B. cepacia+G. mossae from the control, respectively. The result in this study suggests that addition of G. mossae and B. cepacia either separately or combination in soilless culture enhances the growth and yield by 18 to 22% of rockmelon plant. Our findings highlight the importance of G. mossae as bio-enhancer for growth and yield of rockmelon under soilless culture. Glomus mossae and B. cepacia will undergo field tests for their effect on rockmelon growth and yield.

Pages 1494-1501 | Full Text PDF

Proximate nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of Oryza rufipogon, a wild rice collected from Malaysia compared to cultivated rice, MR219

Parviz Fasahat, Kharidah Muhammad, Aminah Abdullah and Wickneswari Ratnam

Abstract
Wild rice (Oryza rufipogon L) is known as an important germplasm that has specific desirable attributes and a high genetic diversity. The physicochemical and antioxidant properties of O. rufipogon Griff. (acc. IRGC105491), a wild rice collected from Malaysia that was used in a breeding program and a QTL mapping study, were assessed to determine the rice’s nutritional value compared with a commonly consumed rice cultivar MR219 (O. sativa subsp. indica). To identify and quantify the phenolic compounds in the rice extracts, Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) coupled with a photodiode array detector (PDA) was applied. The results obtained were supported by a determination of the total phenolic compounds (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH^•) radical scavenging, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and the ferric reducing ability power (FRAP) of the respective extracts originating from the whole grain. The results indicated that O. rufipogon, irrespective of its poor appearance, contained high proximate nutritional composition and antioxidant properties. The grain of O. rufipogon consisted of 8.0% protein, 2.2% fat, and 25.0% amylose content all significantly higher than the ratios of MR219. Except for the percentage of inhibition DPPH? radical, which was statistically at par with MR219, the antioxidant activity of O. rufipogon was higher than that of MR219. The high antioxidant activity of O. rufipogon was supported by the presence of high tocochromanol content higher than MR219. Oryza rufipogon extracts were also the most effective in antioxidative reactions. This study demonstrated that wild rice can be considered a valuable source of bioactive components with high antioxidant properties in breeding programs.

Pages 1502-1507 | Full Text PDF

Variation in grain weight among Iranian wheat cultivars: the importance of stem carbohydrate reserves in determining final grain weight under source limited conditions

Mohammad Esmaeilpour-Jahromi, Ali Ahmadi, John E. Lunn, Alireza Abbasi, Kazem Poustini, Mehdi Joudi

Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants accumulate fructan and sucrose in their stems during vegetative growth, which are remobilized during grain filling. The aims of the study were to evaluate the grain weight susceptibility of different wheat cultivars to decreased source leaf capacity, and to assess the contribution of stem carbohydrate reserves to the variation of grain weight in source-limited plants. Eighty-one wheat cultivars (mainly T. aestivum and few T. durum) were grown in the field in two consecutive years. Plants were fully defoliated or partially defoliated, leaving only the flag leaf attached, at anthesis or 14 days after anthesis (14 DAA) and final grain weight compared with non-defoliated control plants. The effect of defoliation tended to be smaller in modern varieties compared to older varieties, and in cultivars bred for subtropical regions compared to those bred for cold climates. Two contrasting varieties were grown under controlled environment conditions for physiological analysis: cv. Hamon, which showed no response to defoliation and cv. Maron, which strongly affected by defoliation. The non-responsive cultivar Hamon accumulated 4-5 times more water soluble carbohydrate (predominantly fructan) in the stems than cv. Maron. In control and defoliated plants of both cultivars, almost all of the stem carbohydrate reserves were remobilized during grain filling. These results suggest that cv. Hamon has sufficient stem carbohydrate reserves to support normal grain filling even if leaf area has been severely reduced. In contrast, the much smaller stem reserves in cv. Maron can only partially compensate for loss of photosynthetic capacity, leading to a marked reduction in final grain weight after defoliation. It is concluded that differences in stem carbohydrate reserves are likely to be a major factor underlying the variation in the effect of defoliation on final grain weight among wheat cultivars grown in the field.
Pages 1508-1515 | Full Text PDF | Supplementary data Excel

Heat shock protein based SNP marker for terminal heat stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Deepa Garg, Sindhu Sareen, Sunita Dalal, Ratan Tiwari, Rajender Singh

Abstract
High temperatures during grain filling period of wheat adversely affect the plant growth, yield and grain quality in many regions of world. Tolerance to heat stress is complex phenomenon and controlled by multiple genes imparting a number of physiological and biochemical changes. Attempts were made to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and to differentiate the heat tolerant and heat susceptible genotypes of wheat using heat shock protein (HSP16.9) as the target gene. DNA fragment covering a partial sequence of Triticum aestivum L. HSP16.9, were amplified from heat tolerant genotype (K7903) and heat susceptible genotype (RAJ4014), and subsequently analyzed for the presence of SNP. One SNP was found between these genotypes and the analysis of amino acid sequence showed that the base transition (A/G) positioned at 31 amino acid resulted in missense mutation from aspartic acid to aspargine residue. Allele specific primers based on SNP were designed to screen the other heat tolerant and susceptible genotypes. Single-marker analysis explained 29.89% and 24.14% phenotypic variation for grain weight per spike and thousand grain weight respectively. This is the first report of HSP derived SNP marker associated with terminal heat stress in wheat which can be used by the breeders for improving tolerance to high temperatures in wheat breeding programmes.

Pages 1516-1521 | Full Text PDF

Stability analysis of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) shoot tips yield for leafy vegetable across agro-ecologies using AMMI

D. Thiyagu, M.Y. Rafii, T.M.M. Mahmud and M.A. Latif

Abstract
Six selected sweetpotato genotypes were evaluated for yield stability over eight agro-ecological environments using the AMMI model. The experiments were conducted using RCBD, with three replications, at four locations, over two planting seasons at MARDI research stations, representing different soil type namely, bris, tin-tailing, peat, and mineral. The AMMI analysis indicated that the genotypes for the trait of shoot tips yield (t ha^-1) had major environmental influence. The two principal component axes (PCA1 and PCA2) were significant at P=0.01 and cumulatively contributed to 85.24% of the total variation. The biplot technique was used to identify genotypes for general or specific adaptability. Results indicated that MIB05 and MIB14 were genotypes with highest interaction, but they were unstable; meanwhile, MIB20 (control) had the lowest interaction, and therefore, it was the most stable one. However, MIB15 was identified as the one which was mediocrely stable, implying that it is more suitable for low yield environment (peat soil - AGV5 and AGV6). It was found that MIB05 was suitable for high yield planting on tin-tailing, whereas, MIB14 was suitable for bris soil.
Pages 1522-1526 | Full Text PDF

Characterization of physiological traits, yield and fiber quality in three upland cotton cultivars grown under cadmium stress

Ling Li, Jinhong Chen, Qiuling He, Muhammad Khan Daud, Shuijin Zhu

Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) by plants from contaminated soils induces various physiological and biochemical changes resulting reduction in the yield and the quality of the plant products. A pot experiment was performed in order to study Cd induced alterations in physiological characters, yield components and fiber quality of two transgenic cotton cultivars (ZD-90 and SGK3) and an upland cotton standard genotype (TM-1). ZD-90, derived from our laboratory, is a glyphosate-resistant cultivar with the EPSPS-G6 gene, and SGK3 is an insect-resistant cultivar with the Bt gene. Cd stress significantly reduced the seed cotton yield, lint yield, boll numbers per plant, boll weight, net photosynthetic rate, and water use efficiency etc., while increased the activity of several antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the three cotton cultivars. The Cd accumulation in different parts of cotton plant increased in the following order: fiber < seed < seed shell < root < leaf < shoot < boll shell < petiole. The least affected cultivar by Cd treatments in seed cotton yield and bolls per plant among the three cotton cultivars was SGK3, suggesting that it was less sensitive to Cd stress than the other two cultivars. From the present experiment, it can be well confirmed that the non-harvestable parts of cotton plant accumulated more Cd (BCF=1.854~2.449) than the fiber and seed (BCF=0.089~0.242), indicating that cotton is suitable for cultivation in industrially polluted regions and could be used as a potential crop for cleaning up contaminated soils by phytoremediation technology.

Pages 1527-1533 | Full Text PDF

Evaluation of CSM-CERES-Rice in simulating the response of lowland rice cultivars to nitrogen application

Saythong Vilayvong, Poramate Banterng, Aran Patanothai, Krirk Pannangpetch

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of CSM-CERES-Rice to simulate responses of lowland rice cultivars to different N-fertilizer applications in a tropical area. Experiments on 4 planting dates (July 6, August 5, and September 9, 2010 and January 14, 2011) were conducted in Khon Kaen province, Thailand. A split-plot randomized complete block design with 3 replications was used. Three N-fertilizer application rates (0, 60 and 120 kg N ha^-1) and 2 rice cultivars (TDK8 and TDK11) were assigned to the main-plots and sub-plots, respectively. Soil, plant, management and climatic data were collected from 4 experimental fields. The data from crops planted on July 6, 2010 and January 14, 2011 with application of 120 kg N ha^-1 were used for model calibration. The remaining experimental data were used for model evaluation. The results for model calibration showed that the derived genetic coefficients provide simulated values of phenological events, biomass accumulation and grain yields that were in good agreement with their corresponding observed values. The model evaluation results indicated that for 2 rice cultivars grown under 3 rates of N-fertilizer application, the differences between observed and simulated values for time between transplantation and anthesis varied from 0-6 days, and for time between transplantation and maturity varied from 0-14 days. The normalized root mean square error (RMSE_n) values for biomass accumulation ranged from 0-34% and for grain yield ranged from 2-354%. In general, however, these results indicate that CSM-CERES-Rice can be used as a tool to support decision-making for rice production in tropical area.

Pages 1534-1541 | Full Text PDF

Timelines in conventional crop improvement: pre-breeding and breeding procedures

Hussein Shimelisand Mark Laing

Abstract
This article is aimed at highlighting the timelines and breeding procedures of clonally propagated, self-fertilizing and cross-fertilizing crops in conventional crop improvement. Plant breeding is aimed at developing crop cultivars with improved genetic constitution to serve diverse human needs. Cultivar development follows well-defined activities, including plant breeding research or ‘pre-breeding’, followed by the actual breeding per se. These discrete activities are the components that determine the pace at which cultivars are released to growers. The two activities, in turn, depend upon factors, such as breeding goals, genetics and agronomy of the crop, breeder’s vision, availability of testing facilities and national cultivar-registration requirements. Given these factors, there are established steps and procedures found in any conventional breeding program. These include parental choice, making crosses among chosen parents, selections from recombined parents followed by extensive field testing at targeted sites, followed by maintenance and multiplication of candidate cultivars for seed production and distribution. The present review outlined the approximate timelines at 7, 9, or 17 minimum breeding generations before the release of an improved cultivar of vegetatively reproducing, self-fertilizing or cross-fertilizing crop, respectively through conventional breeding. The traditional breeding procedures can be complemented with other approaches, such as marker-assisted selection and doubled haploidy breeding to accelerate and shorten the timeline to release of new crop cultivars.

Pages 1542-1549 | Full Text PDF

Wheat lines derived from trigeneric hybrids of wheat-rye-Psathyrostachys huashanica, the potential resources for grain weight improvement

Quan Xie, Houyang Kang, Shan Tao, Debbie Louise Sparkes, Xuemei Fan, Zhonggang Cui, Lili Xu, Juan Huang, Xing Fan, Lina Sha, Haiqin Zhang, Yonghong Zhou

Abstract
Grain weight is regarded as one of two major components of wheat yield; however, it has not been improved greatly in recent decades. In this study, a cross of wheat-Psathyrostachys huashanica amphiploid ‘PHW-SA’ (2n = 56, AABBDDNsNs) and hexaploid triticale ‘Zhongsi 828’ (2n = 42, AABBRR) was carried out in order to produce novel germplasms for larger grain weight. Consequently, 15 derivatives were selected from 239 F₃ lines because they had 63-150% higher 1000-grain weight than the mean of two parents under natural field conditions. Cytological analysis showed that the chromosome number of these lines ranged from 41 to 44, and two-thirds of them had 42 chromosomes. Using Giemsa C-banding and genomic in situ hybridization, there were 12-14 rye chromosomes characterized in 14 lines, of which nine had the complete R genome. Ten rye chromosomes and a translocation between 2RS and 6DS were identified in the remaining line 951-13. Additionally three lines (938-1, 940-6 and 944-6) contained 1-2 chromosomes of P. huashanica. Meiotic analysis revealed that the averaged chromosome configuration across all was 3.35 univalents, 19.34 bivalents, 0.06 trivalents and 0.02 tetravalents per pollen mother cell. Two combinations bearing complete rye chromosomes were cytologically stable during meiosis and may therefore be considered as new hexaploid triticale. The 15 lines were also highly resistant to stripe rust. Thus, they will be utilized as useful genetic resources for improving wheat grain weight and stripe rust resistance.

Pages 1550-1557 | Full Text PDF

Identification of interspecific grain yield heterosis between two cultivated rice species Oryza sativa L. and Oryza glaberrima Steud.

Adedze Y.M. Nevame, Efisue Andrew, Zhang Sisong, Samoura Demba, Huang Feng, He Wenchuang, Xie Guosheng, Jin Deming

Abstract
Distant heterosis is a promising genetic phenomenon to achieve the yield ceiling of hybrid rice. Heterosis and agronomic performance of indica rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) hybrids were studied using a partial diallel cross among 8 indica male sterile lines and 8 pollen parents. The pollen parents comprised of 4 indica restorer lines and 4 lines derived from interspecific crosses between indica rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) and African rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud.) varieties. Sixty-four hybrids and their pollen parents showed significant variation in field performance as well as heterosis for 8 studied agronomic traits. Field performance for all agronomic traits showed significant differences among the 64 crosses and their pollen parents at p= 0.05 and 0.01 probability level. The highest heterobeltiosis (heterosis over pollen parent) was scored for filled grain number per panicle (101.48%), followed by panicle yield (61.70%), spikelet number per panicle (73.33%), 1000-grain weight (46.00%), grain filling percentage (33.50%), panicle length (28.80%), plant height (27.74%) and days to flowering (16.00%). The parental lines of promising hybrids with higher yield potential showed relatively higher general combining ability. Two hybrids AF-zhong9A/RL1 and II-32A/RL1 with highest panicle yield were identified as partial interspecific hybrids. Their common pollen parent RL1 was derived from interspecific multiple crosses and contained about 12.5% genomic genes from Oryza glaberrima according to its pedigree. This study suggests the existence of interspecific heterosis between the two cultivated rice species in agronomic traits including grain yield.

Pages 1558-1564 | Full Text PDF | Supplementary data

The temporal and spatial variation of soil respiration in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) agro-ecosystems in Northwest of China

Caihong BAI, Yinli LIANG, Yanli ZHU, Yaoxiang GE, Xingjun LIN, Wenyan JIA

Abstract
Soil respiration is a crucial factor in estimating the carbon budget accurately. In order to explore the temporal and the spatial variation of soil respiration in different agro-ecosystems, soil respiration and environmental factors were measured in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) ecosystems during the growing season from June to September in 2009. The pronounced seasonal and diurnal variations of soil respiration behaved similarly in the three ecosystems. The soil respiration reached a seasonal peak in July and a seasonal trough in September. The diurnal maximum values appeared between 1300h and 1500h, and the minimum values were between 0300h and 0500h. The seasonal and diurnal variations were significantly affected by soil temperature (Q₁₀ value from 1.32 to 2.71) and air temperature (Q₁₀ value from 1.25 to 2.03), but not significantly to soil moisture and air relative humidity in the three ecosystems. Soil respiration was measured near the plant, between plants in the rows (inter-plants) and between rows (inter-rows). The results showed a significant tendency of soil respiration near the plant > inter plants > inter rows in the maize ecosystem, but not in pepper and eggplant ecosystems, indicating spatial variation and vegetation type are needed to be considered when estimating carbon emissions from soil respiration.

Pages 1565-1571 | Full Text PDF

Exogenous hydrogen peroxide positively influences root growth and exogenous hydrogen peroxide positively influences root growth and metabolism in leaves of sweet potato seedlings

Xi-Ping Deng, Yu-Jie Cheng, Xiao-Bing Wu, Sang-Soo Kwak, Wei Chen and Anthony Egrinya Eneji

Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is a signal molecule which mediates a wide range of physiological and biochemical reactions during the whole period of plant growth. We studied the effects of various concentrations of exogenous hydrogen peroxide as well as a hydrogen peroxide scavenger, ascorbic acid (AsA) on the growth and development of adventitious roots and leaves of sweet potato seedlings. In culture solutions with lower concentrations of H₂O₂ (less than or equal to 2.5 mM), the formation of adventitious root and the growth of sweet potato seedlings were induced, while the physiological properties of roots were also significantly increased, especially in 0.5 mM H₂O₂ treatment. However, when the concentration of H₂O₂ came up to5 mM, it played an opposite role to inhibit the growth of adventitious roots and seriously damaged them. Moreover, the growth of adventitious root could also be significantly inhibited by the mono-addition of AsA. Treatment with 4mM AsA followed by 2.5 mM H₂O₂ for three days inhibited the elongation of adventitious roots to some degrees. In conclusion, the growth of adventitious roots in sweet potato could be induced by exogenous H₂O₂ below the injury level (0.5 mM) and could be reversed by AsA treatment. Some levels of endogenous H₂O₂ are indispensable for sweet potato in the course of adventitious roots formation. The effect of H₂O₂ on leaf physiology resulted from its effects on root growth. The best concentration for inducing adventitious roots and leaf growth was 0.5 mM H₂O₂.

Pages 1572-1578 | Full Text PDF

Expression levels of some starch metabolism related genes in flag leaf of two contrasting rice genotypes exposed to salt stress

Thanaphol Boriboonkaset, Cattarin Theerawitaya, Aussanee Pichakum, Suriyan Cha-um, Teruhiro Takabe and Chalermpol Kirdmanee

Abstract
An objective of this investigation was to compare the transcriptional expression of starch metabolism involving genes, soluble sugar, physiological changes and yield components in flag leaf of two contrasting indica rice genotypes, Homjan (HJ; salt-tolerant) and Pathumthani 1 (PT1; salt-sensitive), in response to 150 mM NaCl salt stress. AGPL1, SBEIIb and GWD starch involved genes were up-regulated in salt stressed PT1, leading to accumulation of soluble starch, glucose fructose and total soluble sugars. In HJ, expression levels of AGPL1 AGPS2b, SBEIIb genes in salt stressed plants were higher than in control plants while the soluble sugar level in flag leaf was unchanged. Also, an expression level of some starch related genes i.e. AGPL1, SSI, SBEIIb, ISA2a, and GWD in HJ salt stressed plants was lower than that in PT1. Water use efficiency in salt stressed PT1 was significantly dropped for 35.42% whereas that in HJ was unchanged. Chlorophyll b (Chl_b) and total chlorophyll (TC) contents in salt stressed PT1 were significantly degraded for 61.76% and 44.93%, respectively, leading to reduce net photosynthetic rate (P_n). The starch metabolism and sugar accumulation in PT1 were clearly unrelated with salt tolerant ability. In contrast, the starch degradation, photosynthetic abilities and sugar accumulation in salt stressed HJ may play a key role as osmoregulation salt defense mechanism, leading to maintain productivity when subjected to salt stress.

Pages 1579-1586 | Full Text PDF | Supplementary data