July 2012
Articles
July 2012 [6(7) 2012]
Table of Contents
July 2012 [6(7) 2012]
Table of Contents
Southern Cross Publishing Group©2012
Australia
Australia
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Optimization of culture condition for callus induction from shoot buds for establishment of rapid growing cell suspension cultures of Mango ginger (Curcuma mangga) Tamil C.M. Sundram, M. Suffian M. Annuar and Norzulaani Khalid Biotechnology and Bioproduct Research Cluster, Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Abstract A systematic approach was taken to establish a rapidly growing suspension culture of Curcuma manga. Various responses were obtained from shoot bud explants cultured on MS basal media supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-D, NAA and IAA either aloneor in combinations. Different levels of sucrose were also tested. Rapid growing friable callus obtained from shoot explants cultured on MS basal media supplemented with 1 mg l-1 2,4-D, 30 g l-1 sucrose and 2 g l-1 gelrite were selected for the initiation of suspension cultures based on histological morphology. From various media screened, rapid growing suspension cultures were established by using MS liquid medium supplemented with 0.3 mg l-1 2,4-D, 0.1 mg l-1 NAA, 30 g l-1 sucrose, 0.1 g l-1 malt extract, 0.5 mg l-1 d-Biotin, 100 mg l-1 glutamine, 5 mg l-1 ascorbic acid and citric acid respectively. Phenolic compounds production was most effectively controlled by the incorporation of ascorbic and citric acid as antioxidants. Pages 1139-1146 | PDF Full Text |
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Histopathology of the resistance to colletotrichum gloeosporioides of wild strawberries and species related to commercial strawberry E. M. Pardo, C. F. Grellet, S. M. Salazar, A. P. Castagnaro, J. C. Díaz Ricci and M. E. Arias Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (CONICET-UNT), Argentina Cátedra Anatomía Vegetal. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Miguel Lillo 205, San Miguel de Tucumán (4000), Argentina Cátedra de Horticultura, Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia, UNT, Argentina Abstract Three species of wild strawberries, as well as three related species, were tested against virulent isolate of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The purpose of this study was to assess genetic resources exhibiting resistance to anthracnose. The results of inoculation experiments showed that the species Fragaria vesca, Fragaria virginiana and Fragaria chiloensis were susceptible to fungi; whereas species Duchesnea indica, Duchesnea chrysantha and Potentilla tucumanensis showed higher levels of resistance. A histopathological study revealed a different response between susceptible and tolerant species. A significant thickening of the cell wall in epidermal cells, changes of stomata and mesophyll cells, the presence of idioblastic cells with unknown content and the accumulation of large starch grains in atypical tissues, namely, stomata and parenchyma cells, were observed in species of the genus Duchesnea. However, no morphological alteration was observed in Fragaria species or in P. tucumanensis, which did not show any apparent interaction with the isolate of C. gloeosporioides. Oxidative burst was evaluated in leaf tissues with the fluorescent probe DCFH-DA (2’,7’-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate) in susceptible and tolerant genotypes. Results showed that tolerant species present a noticeable accumulation of H2O2 whereas susceptible species did not. These results have led us to the conclusion that the changes observed were correlated with the resistance to disease. Pages 1147-1153 | PDF Full Text |
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Inheritance studies of Sterility mosaic disease (SMD) resistance in vegetable type pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) K. N. Ganapathy, M. Byre Gowda, B. C. Ajay, S. C. Venkatesha, B. N. Gnanesh, Sunil S. Gomashe, Prasanth Babu, G. Girish P. S. Prasad, G. N. Veerakumar and J.V. Patil University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560 065, India Directorate of Sorghum Research, Hyderabad 500 030, India Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh, Gujarat 362 001, India University of Horticultural Sciences, Mysore, Karnataka 571 302, India Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132 001, India University of Agricultural Sciences, ARS, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India Abstract Sterility mosaic disease (SMD) is one of the most destructive diseases of the Indian subcontinent causing severe reduction in yield. Development of resistant varieties is an effective management strategy for which understanding the nature of inheritance of disease inheritance is a prerequisite. The objective of this work was to study the nature of inheritance of SMD in resistant (BRG 3 and ICP 7035) and susceptible (ICP 8863 and TTB 7) genotypes. SMD incidence observed in parents, F1 and F2 generations indicated resistance to be controlled by recessive gene and appeared to be monogenic in cross TTB 7 × BRG 3 and governed by two independent non-allelic genes exhibiting complementary epistasis in cross ICP 8863 × ICP 7035. Expression of at least one SMD gene in homozygous recessive condition was necessary for resistant phenotype in the above mentioned crosses. Resistant × resistant and susceptible × susceptible F2 individuals showed no segregation indicating function of same loci/ linked loci to govern resistance and susceptibility in the parents studied. Visual observations recorded for leaf colour and texture revealed that the leaves of resistant genotypes were dark green and leathery textured while, that of susceptible individuals were light green and non-leathery indicating leaf traits to be associated with SMD resistance in the parents studied. The putative association of dark green leathery leaves with SMD resistance could make significant implications for pigeonpea improvement by providing opportunity for indirect selection of leaf traits for development of resistant cultivars. Pages 1154-1158 | PDF Full Text |
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Influence of planting date and temperature on inulin content in Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) Darunee Puangbut, Sanun Jogloy , Nimitr Vorasoot, Supalax Srijaranai, Thawan Kesmala, Corley C. Holbrook, Aran Patanothai Department of Plant Science and Agricultural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand USDA-ARS, Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, Coastal Plain Experimental Station, Tifton, GA 31793, USA Abstract Lower temperatures during the dry season in tropical regions might affect inulin content and inulin yield of Jerusalem artichoke. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of planting dates during low temperature on inulin yield and content of Jerusalem artichoke. Two pot experiments were conducted during the dry seasons 2008/09 and 2009/10. Three genotypes were grown at seven planting dates. Planting Jerusalem artichoke during lower temperature periods (10-16 °C) reduced total dry weight and inulin content, whereas inulin content increased when planted during warmer periods (21-31°C). Jerusalem artichoke could be grown in all planting dates, but the most appropriate planting dates were in March. November to January should be avoided because the plants showed severe stunting with these planting dates. Moderate relationships between temperature sums and inulin content were observed in 2008/09 (r = 0.64; P < 0.01) and 2009/10 (r = 0.61; P < 0.01). The results revealed that temperature was important for producing high tuber yield having high inulin during the dry season in tropical regions. Pages 1159-1165 | PDF Full Text |
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Defoliation affects soybean yield depending on time and level of light interception reduction Gregorutti, V. C., Caviglia, O. P., Saluso, A. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Paraná, Ruta 11 km 12.5, Entre Ríos, Argentina Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Oro Verde, Argentina Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina Abstract Light interception (mainly due to defoliation) during the critical growth periods of soybean may be a suitable index for calculating the economic injury level (ELI) rather than measuring the insect population or percentage of defoliation. Our aim was to simulate the effects of time and levels of defoliation on soybean seed yield, its numerical components and light interception during the critical growth periods. We evaluated a combination of defoliation levels (0, 33, 66 and 100%) and two times of defoliation during soybean development (pod initiation and beginning of seed filling, i.e. R3 and R5, respectively). We measured the effects of radiation interception on seed yield and its components during the linear seed filling period (R5.5). The results showed that the total defoliation performed at R3 significantly reduced the seed yield compared to defoliation at R5 (P<0.0001) (90% and 21% yield reduction, respectively, as compared to controls). Similarly, total defoliation performed at R3 reduced seed number by 85%, whereas that performed at R5 reduced seed number only by 3%, as compared to controls (P<0.0001). Seed yield and its components were significantly reduced when defoliation was applied at R3, because the radiation interception at R5.5 was reduced (P<0.001). The photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception during the critical period (R5.5) was reduced only by total defoliation irrespective to the time of defoliation, evidencing the high vegetative plasticity of soybean. Our results provide a useful base for the development of economic injury levels (EILs) based on light interception during the growth critical periods. Pages 1166-1171 | PDF Full Text |
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Agro-morphological variability in durum wheat landraces of Morocco Hafida Zarkti, Hassan Ouabbou, Sripada M. Udupa, Fatima Gaboun, Abderraouf Hilali Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique de Settat, B.P. 589, Settat, Morocco Département de Biologie Appliquée et Agro-alimentaire, FST de Settat, Université Hassan 1er, B.P. 577, Settat, Morocco ICARDA-INRA Cooperative Research Project, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), B.P. 6299, Rabat, Morocco Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique de Rabat, B.P. 415, Rabat, Morocco Abstract The knowledge about the extent of variability, the distribution and the relationship between descriptors within local germplasm collection are a high value for the improvement and the efficient genetic diversity maintenance and utilization of plant species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agro-morphological variability in a set of Moroccan durum wheat germplasm collection maintained in the National Gene Bank of Morocco (INRA, Settat). 467 durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) accessions comprising 444 landraces and 23 improved varieties were planted under field condition and their agro-morphological characters such as days to emergence, days to tillering, days to booting, days to head emergence, days to flowering, days to physiological maturity, plant height, thousands kernel weight, spike shape, and spike density were recorded. Univariate and multivariate analysis of data indicated that thousands kernel weight and plant height presented the highest coefficient of variation with 15.72% and 15.15% respectively. The two-dimensional principal coordinates analysis (2D PCOA) explained 52% of the total variance in the collection and separated the accessions into three main groups, namely, the early maturing and shorter (81 accessions), the moderately late and taller (154 accessions), and the late maturing and taller (232 accessions). The frequency distribution of spike characters showed the prevalence of the pyramidal and the dense spike with 54% and 42% respectively. The results of this study will support efforts of conservation and utilization of landraces in durum wheat breeding programmes. Pages 1172-1178 | PDF Full Text | Supplementary data |
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The effect of post anthesis source limitation treatments on wheat cultivars under water deficit M. Saeidi, F. Moradi, S. Jalali-Honarmand Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran Physiology and Proteomics Department, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Karaj, Iran Abstract This paper attempts to determine the effect of post-anthesis water deficiency at the early and late grain growth periods separately and also the roles of main ear (spike) and total leaves photosynthesis and stem remobilization in yield production of wheat. Two modern bread wheat cultivars that differed in water deficiency resistance and yield potential were grown in greenhouse. The changes in grain yield components and different soluble sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose and fructan) caused greater reduction in grain yield (72.6%), biomass and grain weight and number in tolerant cultivar. The photosynthesis of spike and leaves and carbohydrate remobilization from stem made significant contributions to the growing grains about 43%, 25% and 32%, respectively. In both cultivars, penultimate internodes had more soluble sugar concentration than peduncle. Compared to the sensitive cultivar, peduncle and penultimate internode of tolerant cultivar had more glucose, fructose, sucrose, fructan and starch concentrations at grain growth stages. Moreover, the water deficiency and photosynthesis inhibition treatments caused more remobilization of soluble sugars in peduncle and penultimate internodes of resistant cultivar. We suggest that the role of spike photosynthesis is more important than carbohydrate remobilization and leaves photosynthesis in grain yield formation. In addition, grain yield of these cultivars under the conditions tested was more controlled by source than sink limitation. Pages 1179-1187 | PDF Full Text |
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Research Note Chemotactic movement and bacterial attachment of Agrobacterium tumefaciens towards protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of Dendrobium sonia-28 Advina Lizah Julkifle, Razip Samian, Ranjetta Poobathy and Sreeramanan Subramaniam School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia Abstract Dendrobium orchids are economically important as cut flowers. The transformation of Dendrobium using Agrobacterium tumefaciens has emerged as an important protocol in improving the quality of the orchid. The T-DNA gene transfer conditions have to be optimised to ensure successful Agrobacterium transformation. Agrobacterium chemotaxis and attachment studies were carried out on protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of Dendrobium sonia-28 to determine the potential strength of the Agrobacterium-PLB interaction during the transformation event. The chemotactic response and attachment of the Agrobacterium to the PLBs were positive. The greatest bacterial movement (ratio between 1.2-1.5) was obtained when 3-4mm PLBs were used for transformation, when compared to 1-2mm PLBs. Higher Agrobacterium attachment rates (40-75%) were obtained in 3-4mm PLBs when compared to 1-2mm PLBs. Protocorm-like body-wounding does not significantly attract the bacteria, but efficiently increased bacterial attachment sites on the PLBs. The results concluded that the chemotactic response and attachment of Agrobacterium were positive to the PLBs of Dendrobium sonia-28, indicating a potential for genetic transformation. Pages 1188-1191 | PDF Full Text |
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Temporal stability of soil water content for a shallow and deep soil profile at a small catchment scale She Dongli, Liu Yingying, Shao Ming’an, Timm Luis Carlos, Yu Shuang’en Key Laboratory of Efficient Irrigation-Drainage and Agricultural Soil-Water Environment in Southern China, Ministry of Education, College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100100, China Faculty of Agronomy, Federal University of Pelotas, Department of Rural Engineering, P.O. Box 354, 96001-970, Pelotas, RS, Brazil Abstract Areal estimation of soil water content (SWC) from point measurements is important to characterize hydrological processes. One of the challenges is to develop sampling strategies for determining mean SWC of large areas with the minimum cost in time and money. In this paper, we use the concept of temporal stability, applied to a catchment with plaque mosaic landscape pattern, to test the existence of certain sample locations which consistently show mean behavior irrespective of soil wetness in the shallow and deep soil layers. Data from 70 sites in an experimental catchment of 0.66 km2 (Donggou catchment), on the Loess Plateau, China, were used to examine temporal stability of SWC for the 0-20 cm and 0-120 cm soil layers during a rainy season. Temporal stability analysis were conducted using four methods including cumulative frequency distributions, Spearman rank correlation coefficient (rs), mean relative differences (d) and Pearson’s correlation analysis. The spatial pattern of SWC across the entire catchment was generally temporally unstable, but a few sites were temporal stable. The temporal stability of spatial pattern indicated by rs decreased with increasing mean SWC. The lowest rs values were 0.508 and 0.812 respectively for 0-20 cm and 0-120 cm soil layers. The lowest rs values occurred during the transition periods between dry and wet conditions, when the profile was recharged markedly. The standard deviation of d (s(d)) ranged from 4.6% to 34.8% for 0-120 cm soil layer, lower than that of the shallow soil profile. Meanwhile, only 8 out of 70 sites for 0-20 cm soil layer but 32 sites for 0-120 cm soil depth had s(d) lower than 10%, which indicated greater temporal stability of SWC of the deeper soil layer. The selected catchment average SWC monitoring locations were situated in land use of grassland or forage. Based on the highly significant correlation between the land use and both the spatial distributions of d (%) and s(d), land use may be a convenient criterion for locating SWC measurement locations for field mean or extremes estimation. Pages 1192-1198 | PDF Full Text |
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Induction of salt tolerance in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seeds through sand priming Aamir Nawaz, Muhammad Amjad, Muhammad Muzammil Jahangir, Samiya Mahmood Khan, Huawei Cui, Jin Hu Seed Science Center, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China College of Agriculture Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan Pakistan University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan Abstract Effect of sand priming on vigour and biochemical changes of two tomato varieties, 205 and 206, at various salinity levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl) were studied. Both varieties differe in their salt tolerance capability and are commonly raised in Zhejiang province. Seeds were mixed with sand particles diameter ranged between 0.5 mm to 2 mm containing 4 % (v/w) water, sealed in plastic box, and then were primed at 25 ºC for 72 h. Final germination percentage (FGP), germination index (GI), vigour index (VI), root length, shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight were studied as tomato seed vigour markers in relation to malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities. Sand priming significantly improved FGP, GI, VI and seedling vigour attributes of both tomato varieties under salinity stress. Moreover sand priming treatments significantly enhanced the activities of CAT, POD, SOD and APX whereas reduced the accumulation of MDA contents under salt stress condition. Our results suggested that sand priming can serve as a promising method to enhance tomato seed vigour under salt stress condition probably through augmentation of antioxidant enzymes activities. Generally, var 206 responded better compared with var 205 at higher salinity stress. Pages 1199-1203 | PDF Full Text |
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Assessment of drought resistance among wild rice accessions using a protocol based on single-tiller propagation and PVC-tube cultivation Fangjun Feng, Xiaoyan Xu, Xinbing Du, Hanhua Tong, Lijun Luo, Hanwei Mei Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai 201106, China Abstract To assess the variation in drought resistance among wild rice accessions, a protocol was developed based on single-tiller propagation and PVC-tube cultivation. Severe water stress was applied at late vegetative growth stage. The responses of eight accessions of Oryza rufipogon and one accesstion of O. officinalis were evaluated by measuring the morphological and physiological traits, including leaf rolling score, leaf water potential, free proline content, chlorophyll content, above-ground biomass, maximum root depth, maximum root length, root weight, deep root percentage and root/shoot ratio. Wild rice accessions showed differential abilities to tolerate and recover from the water deficit. The accession of O. officinalis had much stronger drought tolerance than all O. rufipogon accessions. Two O. rufipogon accessions (Or03, Or08) from Hainan (as a tropical island) had the best performance under drought stress, while two other accessions of (Or15, Or33) from Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces were sensitive to water deficit. The results revealed the preliminary evidences that O. rufipogon accessions from tropical area have stronger drought resistance than accessions from sub-tropical areas. Pages 1204-1211 | PDF Full Text |
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Regeneration and Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Three Potato Cultivars (Solanum tuberosum cv. Desiree, Agria and Marfona) by Human Proinsulin Gene Kimia Kashani, Mokhtar Jalali Javaran, Mehdi Mohebodini, Ahmad Moieni, Maryam Sheikhi Deh Abadi Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Department of Horticulture Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran Abstract It is expected that the increasing outbreaks of diabetes mellitus along with introducing alternative of present insulin consumption methods, will result in increasing the demand of such a drug in future. Plant systems have high potential to produce safe, economical, inexpensive and large-scale biopharmaceuticals and potato is one of the most important bioreactors, globally. Most Agrobacterium- mediated transformation procedures referred to in the literatures have proven to be inefficient for the transformation of Agria and Marfona potato cultivars. In this study a novel one- step method was demonstrated for the transformation of the internodal explants of these cultivars. Using this method, human proinsulin gene was expressed in the transgenic potato plants. In this research, the DNA sequence of Immunoglobulin G binding protein taken from Staphylococcus aureus was infused to the human proinsulin gene and this construct was then transferred to the nuclear genome of potato via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Assessment of the transgenic plants was carried out in 3 levels of DNA, RNA and protein. Gel analysis of the PCR and RT-PCR products showed a single 500 bp band in the transgenic potato lines. SDS-PAGE analysis also showed a 17-18 kDa weight band, while this band was not shown in the non-transgenic ones. Leaf samples of transgenic potato had a positive reaction in ELISA with the human insulin antibody and dot blot assays were also positive. Pages 1212-1220 | PDF Full Text |
