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Articles
Beta Web site
September 2008
Table of Contents
High temperature and salt stress response in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) .
Nagesh Babu R., Devaraj Varadahally Rangaiah Pages 40-48 (Full text PDF)
Abstract
Abiotic stresses, such as high temperature, and salt stress are major factors which reduce crop productivity. Effects of high temperature (46-48° C) and salt stress (0.4 M) on French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), a major vegetable crop, were evaluated in terms of antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes in S-9 cultivar. Both stresses caused similar responses in the plant. Oxidative stress indicators such as H2O2, TBARS, glutathione, ascorbic acid, and proline were significantly elevated. Similarly, antioxidant enzyme, guaiacol-specific peroxidase (POX) was significantly elevated. Other enzymes, Beta-amylase and acid phosphatase (AP) activities were marginally enhanced. However, stresses had contrasting effects on glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT), which were drastically reduced in temperature stress, and elevated in salt stress. No variations were observed in AP, POX, and CAT isozymes. Patterns of GR and Beta-amylase isozymes differed between temperature and salt stress. SDS-PAGE indicated entirely different sets of proteins in temperature and salt stressed seedlings. Growth rate and fresh mass were affected to same extent, relative to their respective controls. DNA damage was more pronounced under temperature stress than under salt stress. Response mechanism of French bean appears to involve some players which are common to both the stresses, and few specific to individual stress.
Keywords: Antioxidants; Antioxidant enzymes; French bean; Isozymes; Temperature stress; Salt stress
Genetic architecture of genes from the wild potato plant (Solanum pinnatisectum) showing resistance to the Colorado potato beetle
Sanjib Nandy, Qin Chen, Jiliang Yang, Mark Goettel Pages 49-56 (Full text PDF)
Abstract
The Mexican wild potato species Solanum pinnatisectum is an important gene source for resistance to Colorado potato beetle and late blight. Diploid progenies segregating for resistance genes to Colorado potato beetle were developed by crossing S. pinnatisectum with S. cardiophyllum. The hybrid lines were resistant to Colorado potato beetle. A resistant hybrid line from this cross was selected and backcrossed as a female to S. cardiophyllum to generate a backcross progeny. This backcross progeny was tested for genetic architecture of the Colorado potato beetle resistance gene. Resistance percentage of the test lines over the control was determined for statistical analysis. The Chi square test result showed a significant 1:3 (resistance: susceptible) ratio in this backcrossing population, indicating that resistance in S. pinnatisectum to Colorado potato beetle may be controlled by two independently segregating major genes having two respective loci, acting in a complementary epistatic manner. The availability of Colorado potato beetle resistance genes, along with late blight resistance genes in S. pinnatisectum may enable breeders and geneticists to develop a single cultivar through the gene pyramiding method.
Keywords: Colorado potato beetle, backcross, potato, resistance genes
Molecular responses of Bt transgenic corn (Zea mays L.) plans to salt (NaCl) stress
Mohamed Salah Beltagi Pages 57-63 (Full text PDF)
Abstract
Non-transformed and Bt transgenic crop lines of a hybrid (YieldGard 2) corn (Zea mays L.) plants in the 4th leaf stage were subjected to 0, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl. Significant (P = 0.05) reduction in growth of non-traformed plants was recorded under almost all levels (50, 100 and 150 mM) of salt (NaCl) stress; while, the growth of the Bt transgenic corn plants showed no significant changes under the same levels of salt stress. Chlorophyll a contents were reduced at 150 mM NaCl only; but did not change in the BT transgenic corn plants. Chlorophyll b was not responsive to NaCl treatments in both non-transformed and Bt transgenic corn plants. Chlorophyll stability index (CSI) were always higher in the Bt transgenic than in the non-transformed corn plants under all salinity levels. The analyses of SDS-PAGE revealed relative stability in the patterns of protein bands in the Bt transgenic corn plants under salinity stress. The sum of optical densities of protein bands was higher in the Bt transgenic corn plants. In response to salinity stress, a group of polypeptide (76.96, 59.38, 41.56, 33.5 and 31.26 KDa) were newly synthesized in both non-transformed and Bt transgenic plants. Salt-susceptible polypeptides of molecular weights 325.47, 32.64 and 24.17 KDa were found only in non-transformed corn plants and completely disappeared under all level of salt stress; while two polypeptides of molecular weights 38.59 and 30.61 KDa were totally inhibited in all salt-stressed corn plants. The synthesis of another four polypeptides (298.81, 99.82, 20.79 and 19.43 KDa) was solely specific to the Bt transgenic corn plants. Stability of chlorophyll pigments and molecular weights of salt stress responsive proteins are key genetic determinants of salt stress in Bt transgenic corn plants.
Keywords: Bt Transgenic corn, CSI, salt stress, SDS-PAGE, proteins.
Mulberry wild species in India and their use in crop improvement – A review
A Tikader, Kamble C K Pages 64-72 (Full text PDF)
Abstract
Exploitation of wild relatives of crop plants to a large extent depends on the efficient use of germplasm resources available in natural habitat and the centre of diversity. The primary objective for breeding is to identify the mulberry germplasm, which will be used as a parent. This includes the performance of individual accessions with regards to their origin, passport data, characterization, and evaluation through a series of tests in field. The crop improvement is the transfer of desired genes and gene combination from unadapted sources into most usable breeding materials. To bring greater diversity into the breeding pool, it requires introduction of exotic and wild materials. The breeders find it difficult to use unadapted materials from wild source. The intermediate materials produced after incorporating the new genes is treated as genetically enhanced materials, which may be useful to develop desired lines. The use of wild mulberry species is limited and concentrated effort requires utilizing them. The variability, secondary and tertiary characters may be identified from the wild gene pools to develop resistant genotypes and to utilize the resources efficiently for crop improvement.
Keywords: Wild gene pools, breeding, secondary, tertiary genes, and crop improvement
Dynamic QTL analysis for rice blast resistance under natural infection conditions
Yibo Li, Changjun Wu, Yongzhong Xing, Huilan Chen, Yuqing He Pages
73-82 (Full text PDF)
Abstract
Dynamic analyses of rice blast resistance for the assessment of genetic and environmental effects were characterized employing a recombinant inbred lines (RILs) population. The study was conducted at three different developmental stages of rice using natural infection tests in two years. The number of main-effect quantitative trait loci (QTL), epistatic QTL and their environmental interactions greatly differed across various measuring stages. Two major QTL (r11a and r11b) both on chromosome 11 could be detected at all stages, whereas most QTL were identified only at one or two stages in the population. It was suggested that the unstable activities of most QTL identified for blast resistance may well be due to effects of major QTL, epistatic effects between different loci, the developmental status of rice, and the environments in which they were grown. Comparison of QTL analysis conducted under the conditions of natural infection and artificial inoculation was performed and drew a new conclusion that QTL analysis of plant resistance based on natural infection would have more advantages than that based on artificial inoculation.
Keywords: Rice blast resistance, Dynamic analysis, Main-effect QTL, Epistatic interactions, QTL-by-environment interactions
Plant growth, metabolism and adaptation in relation to stress conditions. XXI.
Reversal of harmful NaCl-effects in lettuce plants by foliar application with urea
Mahmoud Elbaz Younis, Mohammed Naguib Hasaneen, Adel Rezk Ahmed,
Dalia Mohammed El-Bialy
Pages 83-95 (Full text PDF)
Abstract
In relation to water control levels, administration of NaCl at low (3 dSm-1), medium (5 dSm-1) or high (7 dSm-1) concentration, in the growth medium of the lettuce plants, induced significant decreases in growth components as well as in the metabolites and enzymes determined, at vegetative and adult growth stages. On the other hand, significant increases in all growth and photosynthetic components determined, as well as in carbohydrate contents and in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes were obtained, above the water control levels, in response of treatment of lettuce plants with urea fertilizer up to 4 %, above which urea at 5% and 6% induced significant decreases in all the above mentioned components, throughout the entire periods of the experiments. Foliar application of urea up to 5 % to the variously salinized lettuce plants induced significant increases in all growth components as well as in all metabolites determined as compared with values of control-salinized plants. At 6% urea, significant decreases in growth parameters and in metabolites determined for the variously salinized plants were apparent. Thus, foliar application of urea can, at least, partially alleviate the inhibitory effects of salinity on growth and metabolism of lettuce plants; the magnitude of response being most pronounced with 3-4% urea.
Keywords: antioxidant enzymes, carbohydrates, growth, Lactuca sativa, NaCl, photosynthetic efficiency, urea
Table of Contents
High temperature and salt stress response in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) .
Nagesh Babu R., Devaraj Varadahally Rangaiah Pages 40-48 (Full text PDF)
Abstract
Abiotic stresses, such as high temperature, and salt stress are major factors which reduce crop productivity. Effects of high temperature (46-48° C) and salt stress (0.4 M) on French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), a major vegetable crop, were evaluated in terms of antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes in S-9 cultivar. Both stresses caused similar responses in the plant. Oxidative stress indicators such as H2O2, TBARS, glutathione, ascorbic acid, and proline were significantly elevated. Similarly, antioxidant enzyme, guaiacol-specific peroxidase (POX) was significantly elevated. Other enzymes, Beta-amylase and acid phosphatase (AP) activities were marginally enhanced. However, stresses had contrasting effects on glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT), which were drastically reduced in temperature stress, and elevated in salt stress. No variations were observed in AP, POX, and CAT isozymes. Patterns of GR and Beta-amylase isozymes differed between temperature and salt stress. SDS-PAGE indicated entirely different sets of proteins in temperature and salt stressed seedlings. Growth rate and fresh mass were affected to same extent, relative to their respective controls. DNA damage was more pronounced under temperature stress than under salt stress. Response mechanism of French bean appears to involve some players which are common to both the stresses, and few specific to individual stress.
Keywords: Antioxidants; Antioxidant enzymes; French bean; Isozymes; Temperature stress; Salt stress
Genetic architecture of genes from the wild potato plant (Solanum pinnatisectum) showing resistance to the Colorado potato beetle
Sanjib Nandy, Qin Chen, Jiliang Yang, Mark Goettel Pages 49-56 (Full text PDF)
Abstract
The Mexican wild potato species Solanum pinnatisectum is an important gene source for resistance to Colorado potato beetle and late blight. Diploid progenies segregating for resistance genes to Colorado potato beetle were developed by crossing S. pinnatisectum with S. cardiophyllum. The hybrid lines were resistant to Colorado potato beetle. A resistant hybrid line from this cross was selected and backcrossed as a female to S. cardiophyllum to generate a backcross progeny. This backcross progeny was tested for genetic architecture of the Colorado potato beetle resistance gene. Resistance percentage of the test lines over the control was determined for statistical analysis. The Chi square test result showed a significant 1:3 (resistance: susceptible) ratio in this backcrossing population, indicating that resistance in S. pinnatisectum to Colorado potato beetle may be controlled by two independently segregating major genes having two respective loci, acting in a complementary epistatic manner. The availability of Colorado potato beetle resistance genes, along with late blight resistance genes in S. pinnatisectum may enable breeders and geneticists to develop a single cultivar through the gene pyramiding method.
Keywords: Colorado potato beetle, backcross, potato, resistance genes
Molecular responses of Bt transgenic corn (Zea mays L.) plans to salt (NaCl) stress
Mohamed Salah Beltagi Pages 57-63 (Full text PDF)
Abstract
Non-transformed and Bt transgenic crop lines of a hybrid (YieldGard 2) corn (Zea mays L.) plants in the 4th leaf stage were subjected to 0, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl. Significant (P = 0.05) reduction in growth of non-traformed plants was recorded under almost all levels (50, 100 and 150 mM) of salt (NaCl) stress; while, the growth of the Bt transgenic corn plants showed no significant changes under the same levels of salt stress. Chlorophyll a contents were reduced at 150 mM NaCl only; but did not change in the BT transgenic corn plants. Chlorophyll b was not responsive to NaCl treatments in both non-transformed and Bt transgenic corn plants. Chlorophyll stability index (CSI) were always higher in the Bt transgenic than in the non-transformed corn plants under all salinity levels. The analyses of SDS-PAGE revealed relative stability in the patterns of protein bands in the Bt transgenic corn plants under salinity stress. The sum of optical densities of protein bands was higher in the Bt transgenic corn plants. In response to salinity stress, a group of polypeptide (76.96, 59.38, 41.56, 33.5 and 31.26 KDa) were newly synthesized in both non-transformed and Bt transgenic plants. Salt-susceptible polypeptides of molecular weights 325.47, 32.64 and 24.17 KDa were found only in non-transformed corn plants and completely disappeared under all level of salt stress; while two polypeptides of molecular weights 38.59 and 30.61 KDa were totally inhibited in all salt-stressed corn plants. The synthesis of another four polypeptides (298.81, 99.82, 20.79 and 19.43 KDa) was solely specific to the Bt transgenic corn plants. Stability of chlorophyll pigments and molecular weights of salt stress responsive proteins are key genetic determinants of salt stress in Bt transgenic corn plants.
Keywords: Bt Transgenic corn, CSI, salt stress, SDS-PAGE, proteins.
Mulberry wild species in India and their use in crop improvement – A review
A Tikader, Kamble C K Pages 64-72 (Full text PDF)
Abstract
Exploitation of wild relatives of crop plants to a large extent depends on the efficient use of germplasm resources available in natural habitat and the centre of diversity. The primary objective for breeding is to identify the mulberry germplasm, which will be used as a parent. This includes the performance of individual accessions with regards to their origin, passport data, characterization, and evaluation through a series of tests in field. The crop improvement is the transfer of desired genes and gene combination from unadapted sources into most usable breeding materials. To bring greater diversity into the breeding pool, it requires introduction of exotic and wild materials. The breeders find it difficult to use unadapted materials from wild source. The intermediate materials produced after incorporating the new genes is treated as genetically enhanced materials, which may be useful to develop desired lines. The use of wild mulberry species is limited and concentrated effort requires utilizing them. The variability, secondary and tertiary characters may be identified from the wild gene pools to develop resistant genotypes and to utilize the resources efficiently for crop improvement.
Keywords: Wild gene pools, breeding, secondary, tertiary genes, and crop improvement
Dynamic QTL analysis for rice blast resistance under natural infection conditions
Yibo Li, Changjun Wu, Yongzhong Xing, Huilan Chen, Yuqing He Pages
73-82 (Full text PDF)
Abstract
Dynamic analyses of rice blast resistance for the assessment of genetic and environmental effects were characterized employing a recombinant inbred lines (RILs) population. The study was conducted at three different developmental stages of rice using natural infection tests in two years. The number of main-effect quantitative trait loci (QTL), epistatic QTL and their environmental interactions greatly differed across various measuring stages. Two major QTL (r11a and r11b) both on chromosome 11 could be detected at all stages, whereas most QTL were identified only at one or two stages in the population. It was suggested that the unstable activities of most QTL identified for blast resistance may well be due to effects of major QTL, epistatic effects between different loci, the developmental status of rice, and the environments in which they were grown. Comparison of QTL analysis conducted under the conditions of natural infection and artificial inoculation was performed and drew a new conclusion that QTL analysis of plant resistance based on natural infection would have more advantages than that based on artificial inoculation.
Keywords: Rice blast resistance, Dynamic analysis, Main-effect QTL, Epistatic interactions, QTL-by-environment interactions
Plant growth, metabolism and adaptation in relation to stress conditions. XXI.
Reversal of harmful NaCl-effects in lettuce plants by foliar application with urea
Mahmoud Elbaz Younis, Mohammed Naguib Hasaneen, Adel Rezk Ahmed,
Dalia Mohammed El-Bialy
Pages 83-95 (Full text PDF)
Abstract
In relation to water control levels, administration of NaCl at low (3 dSm-1), medium (5 dSm-1) or high (7 dSm-1) concentration, in the growth medium of the lettuce plants, induced significant decreases in growth components as well as in the metabolites and enzymes determined, at vegetative and adult growth stages. On the other hand, significant increases in all growth and photosynthetic components determined, as well as in carbohydrate contents and in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes were obtained, above the water control levels, in response of treatment of lettuce plants with urea fertilizer up to 4 %, above which urea at 5% and 6% induced significant decreases in all the above mentioned components, throughout the entire periods of the experiments. Foliar application of urea up to 5 % to the variously salinized lettuce plants induced significant increases in all growth components as well as in all metabolites determined as compared with values of control-salinized plants. At 6% urea, significant decreases in growth parameters and in metabolites determined for the variously salinized plants were apparent. Thus, foliar application of urea can, at least, partially alleviate the inhibitory effects of salinity on growth and metabolism of lettuce plants; the magnitude of response being most pronounced with 3-4% urea.
Keywords: antioxidant enzymes, carbohydrates, growth, Lactuca sativa, NaCl, photosynthetic efficiency, urea
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