Volume 9 Issue 10 | October 2015
Table of Contents
9(10) 2015
9(10) 2015
Southern Cross Publishing Group©2015
AUSTRALIA
AUSTRALIA
Australian Journal of Crop Science | October 2015
Volume 9 Number 10 Year 2015
Volume 9 Number 10 Year 2015
Influence of amount and parceling of nitrogen fertilizer on productivity and industrial revenue of sweet corn (Zea mays L.)
Cláudia Amaral Cruz, Arthur Bernardes Cecílio Filho*, Natália Barreto Meneses, Tatiana Pagan Loeiro da Cunha, Rodrigo Hiyoshi Dalmazzo Nowaki, José Carlos Barbosa
Department of Plant Production, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
Department of Exact Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
Abstract
We conducted an irrigated field experiment in an acric and eutrophic Latosol soil to verify the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization on sweet corn (GSS 41243) productivity and industrial revenue. The treatment replicates were distributed in a 6 × 2 factorial randomized complete block design at six dose levels of N (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 kg ha-1) and two dose-parceling procedures, P1 and P2. The doses of N fertilizer were applied in P1 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49 days after sowing and in P2 0, 14, 28, and 42 days after sowing. The dose of 300 kg N ha-1 produced the highest total yield of sweet corn and marketable ears. The dose of 188 kg N ha-1, however, produced the highest industrial revenue of 0.239 g of grains kg-1 of ears. The parceling of the N doses in eight or four applications did not affect the productivity or the industrial revenue of the sweet corn.
Pages 895-900 | Full Text PDF
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Silicon (Si) ameliorates the gas exchange and reduces negative impacts on photosynthetic pigments in maize plants under Zinc (Zn) toxicity
Lucélia de Sousa Paula, Bianca do Carmo Silva, Wrielle Cordeiro Silva de Pinho, Maria Antonia Machado Barbosa, Elaine Maria Silva Guedes-Lobato, Fabiana Roberta Segura, Bruno Lemos Batista, Fernando Barbosa Júnior, Allan Klynger da Silva Lobato*
Núcleo de Pesquisa Vegetal Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Paragominas, Brazil
Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
Abstract
This research aimed to (i) measure oxidative stress, (ii) evaluate the responses on gas exchange, (iii) determinate the repercussion on photosynthetic pigments, and (iv) respond if application of exogenous silicon (Si) is efficient to attenuate negative impact on maize plants exposed to Zn toxicity. The Zn application produced increases in hydrogen peroxide and electrolyte leakage to both tissues, confirming the effects of toxicity. The Zn toxicity + Si presented significant increases of 33.3, 25.2, 15 and 9.8% to stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and water use efficiency, respectively, compared to Zn-only treatment. The total, a and b chlorophyll and carotenoids presented non-significant increases, when compared to plants exposed to Zn toxicity. This study revealed the positive contribution of the Si on gas exchange and reduction of the negative effects provoked on chlorophylls and carotenoids in maize plants under Zn toxicity.
Pages 901-908 | Full Text PDF
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Tractor performance in function of storage period and different proportions of biodiesel and diesel
Melina Cais Jejcic de Oliveira*, Afonso Lopes, Leomar Paulo de Lima, Murilo Coelho Theodoro Neves, Priscila Sawasaki Yamaguti, Thyago Augusto Medeiros Lira, Thaisa Calvo Fugineri Moreti, Gilberto Hirotsugu Azevedo Koike
Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Laboratório BIOEM, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n 14884-900 - Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
Instituto Federal do Triangulo Mineiro, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil
Consultor Autônomo
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the operational performance and the smoke density of the tractor operating on biodiesel from castor oil. The factors studied were the storage period and biodiesel/diesel blend proportion. The fuel storage periods was zero, three and six months after the date of production and biodiesel/diesel blend proportions were 0% of biodiesel (B0), 5% of biodiesel (B5), 25% of biodiesel (B25), 50% of biodiesel (B50) and 100% of biodiesel (B100). The results showed an increase in the specific fuel consumption from the blend with 25% biodiesel, however, the storage period had no effect on consumption. Smoke density was reduced with the addition of 5% biodiesel, noting that the storage period influenced this variable.
Pages 909-914 | Full Text PDF
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Growth, yield and nutrition of sugarcane ratoon as affected by potassium in a mechanized harvesting system
Márcio Alexandre Pancelli, Renato de Melo Prado, Rilner Alves Flores*, Hilário Júnior de Almeida, Leandro Rosatto Moda, Jonas Pereira de Souza Junior
Department of Soils and Fertilizers. Paulista State University, CEP 14884-900 - Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
Department of Soils. College of Agriculture. Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of K fertilizer on vegetative growth, mineral nutrition, straw yield and technological quality; i.e., levels of total soluble solids, industry fiber (bagasse), apparent sucrose, juice purity, and reducing sugars in a ratoon sugarcane grown in Oxisol in a mechanized harvesting system. The rate of 195 kg ha-1 of K2O increased in 279, 78, 142 and 29% the K exchangeable content in the 0-20 and 20-40 cm layers at 180 and 360 DAS, respectively, increased soil potassium availability and promoted higher absorption of nutrients by plants, reaching 9.8 g kg-1 in leaves; i.e. 22.6% higher compared to the control treatment. The higher absorption of potassium was reflected on yield gain of 28.6% with 147.5 kg ha-1 of K2O. Therefore, 130 kg ha-1 of K2O is the most appropriate rate for the production of stalks of sugarcane grown in an Oxisol within the range evaluated. This rate kept potassium nutritional status very close to the adequate and promoted its accumulation in stalks at levels considered satisfactory to reach high yields in the first ratoon. Potassium fertilization had little effect in the technological quality.
Pages 915-924 | Full Text PDF
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Effects of desiccation with glyphosate on two common bean cultivars: physiology and cooking quality of the harvested product
Mariana Casari Parreira, Leandro Borges Lemos, João Portugal, Pedro Luis da Costa Aguiar Alves*
College of Agricultural and Natural Science - FCAN-UFPA, CEP 68400-000, Cametá, PA, Brazil
Department of Plant Production - FCAV-UNESP, CEP 14844-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
Department of Biosciences - ESA- IPBeja, CP 7800-295, Beja, Portugal
Department of Applied Biology - FCAV-UNESP, CEP 14844-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of glyphosate when used on two bean cultivars for the desiccation of weeds during the pre-harvest period and the consequences on the physiologic characteristics and cooking quality of the harvested product. The treatments did not affect productivity, 100-bean weight, electric conductivity, accelerated aging, cooking time, or bean hydration. However, higher glyphosate doses negatively affected first count value, index of emergence speed, and seedling dry mass. The use of the herbicide glyphosate up to a rate of 1,080 g a.e. ha-1 as a desiccant against weeds in the pre-harvest period is possible for the bean market. However, if the harvested product is destined for the planting of a new crop, caution should be observed with the use of this herbicide.
Pages 925-930 | Full Text PDF
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Genetic diversity among crabgrass weed ecotypes (Digitaria spp.) occurring in field crops in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Lisiane Camponogara Fontana, Dirceu Agostinetto, Ana Claudia Langaro*, Luis Willian Pacheco Arge, Jader Job Franco, Valmor João Bianchi
Federal University of Pelotas, Plant Protection Department, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
Federal University of Pelotas, Plant Breeding Department, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
Federal University of Pelotas, Plant Physiology Department, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
Abstract
The aim of the study was to use amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to evaluate the genetic similarity among ecotypes of crabgrass (Digitaria spp.) from areas cultivated with rice and soybeans from different agricultural regions of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. Of the 171 ecotypes that were listed and classified by morphological traits, 34 were selected based on the geographic distribution criteria, and species diversity was assessed by AFLP. Genetic similarity among individuals was estimated using simple matching (SM) coefficients, and a dendrogram was constructed based on these data. The similarity among all ecotypes, including six different species, was 83%. When the species were analyzed separately, we found 86% similarity among the ecotypes of D. ciliaris and 89% among those of D. sanguinalis. Due to geographic distance, the lowest genetic similarity was found between the ecotypes D. tenata from Cachoeira do Sul and D. eriostachya from Itaqui. The ecotypes from upland areas were more similar than those from paddy fields. For D. ciliaris, the lowest genetic similarity was found between the ecotypes originating from Itaqui and Viamão. Higher genetic similarity of D. sanguinalis ecotypes was observed between Arroio Grande and Dom Pedrito. Knowledge of the genetic diversity of weed populations is essential for the management and control of weeds.
Pages 931-939 | Full Text PDF
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Evaluation of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes reveals great genetic variability and potential selection gain
Matoso Francisco Avijala, Leonardo Lopes Bhering, Leonardo de Azevedo Peixoto*, Cosme Damião Cruz, Pedro Crescêncio Souza Carneiro, Constantino Estevão Cuambe, Anabela Zacarias
Institute of Agricultural Research of Mozambique - IIAM, Avenida das FPLM nr. 1698, Caixa Postal nr. 3598-Maputo- Moçambique
Genetics and Breeding, CNPq Scholarship, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Minas Gerais-36570-000, Brazil
Departament of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa Campus, Minas Gerais-36570-900, Brazil
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters of cassava in order to contribute in the orientation of selection strategies of breeding programs in cassava. In this sense, genetic and phenotypic variances, heritability coefficient, coefficients of genetic and phenotypic correlation, and expected gains from selection were estimated. Twenty-one genotypes of cassava collected from Mozambique were evaluated in a complete randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications for one year. The ratio of genetic and environmental variation coefficients was higher than 1 for 6 of the 8 evaluated traits. These same traits presented high values for heritability, indicating that most of the observed variation is of genetic nature. The genotypic correlations were higher than the phenotypic correlations in all cases. It was possible to identify positive and highly significant genetic correlations among SBW vs. TRY (rg = 0.85), and NRP vs. TRY (rg = 0.94).
Pages 940-947 | Full Text PDF
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Application of Thidiazuron (TDZ) for in vitro multiplication of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) and profile of volatile compounds
Ivan Caldeira Almeida Alvarenga*, Sâmia Torres Silva, Suzan Kelly Vilela Bertolucci, José Eduardo Brasil Pereira Pinto, Fernanda Ventorim Pacheco
Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos e Plantas Medicinais, Departamento de Agricultura, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
Abstract
This study evaluated in vitro multiplication and volatile production of yarrow (A. millefolium L.) a medicinal plant, with different Thidiazuron (TDZ) concentrations. Explants with 10 mm length were inoculated into flasks containing 40 mL of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 mg L-1 TDZ, and the control without the regulator. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicates per treatment. At 45 days of culture, the number of shoots, shoot length and dry mass of shoots were evaluated. It was also checked the changes of the volatile constituents of leaves, in all treatments and plants within 30 and 75 days in MS free-hormone medium. The volatiles of leaves were analyzed by headspace-GC/MS. The application of 0.75 mg L-1 of TDZ showed the best combination of variables number, length and dry mass of shoots. Regarding volatile compounds, 32 constituents were identified, and the major constituents in all treatments were sabinene, 1.8-cineole, borneol, ß-caryophyllene and ß-cubebene. It was observed significant changes in the profile, number and contents of the constituents with presence of TDZ.
Pages 948-953 | Full Text PDF
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Salt balance in substrate and growth of ‘Tahiti’ acid lime grafted onto Sunki mandarin hybrids under salinity stress
Marcos Eric Barbosa Brito, Elaine Cristina Batista da Silva, Pedro Dantas Fernandes, Walter dos Santos Soares Filho, Maurício Antônio Coelho Filho, Francisco Vanies da Silva Sá, Alberto Soares de Melo, Roberta Chaiene Almeida Barbosa
Academic Unit of Agricultural Science, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Pombal, Paraiba, Brazil
Unit of Biology, Paraiba State University, Campina Grande, Paraiba, Brazil
Embrapa Cassava & Fruit, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
Abstract
The effect of saline water irrigation on plant formation of 'Tahiti' acid lime [C. latifolia (Yu. Tanaka) Tanaka] seedings grafted on six rootstock genotypes of hybrid Sunki mandarin [C. sunki (Hayata) hort. ex Tanaka] was evaluated. Plants were evaluated for salt tolerance and the mineral balance in the plant cultivation substrate 300 days after seeding. The chemical contents of the soil and the total plant dry matter for the scion-rootstock combinations were determined. The increase in electrical conductivity of the irrigation water resulted in the accumulation of minerals in the substrate. The common hybrid of 'Sunki' mandarin (TSKC) × (Rangpur lime × Poncirus trifoliata) - 040 is the most tolerant to the salinity of irrigation water. The TSKC x 'Troyer' citrange - 012 hybrid is the most sensitive. Water with an electrical conductivity greater than 2.4 dS m-1 is not recommended for use with ‘Tahiti’ acid lime grafted on rootstocks.
Pages 954-961 | Full Text PDF
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Organic compost and potassium top dressing fertilization on production and quality of beetroot
Felipe Oliveira Magro, Ewerton Gasparetto da Silva, William Hiroshi Suekane Takata, Antonio Ismael Inácio Cardoso*, Dirceu Maximino Fernandes, Regina Marta Evangelista
UNESP - São Paulo State University, Department of Horticulture, Caixa Postal 237, 18603-970, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate the production and quality of beetroot under different rates of organic compost at planting and K top dressing fertilization. The K top dressing fertilization did not affect the production traits; however, it increases the contents of K in shoot and root and the contents of non-reducing and total sugars. The rates of the compost do not affect the quality traits, but the rate of 49 t ha-1 resulted in the maximum root yield estimated in 43 t ha-1 of roots.
Pages 962-967 | Full Text PDF
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Effects of chemical and organic agricultural systems for okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) production in Thailand
Sorapong Benchasri*
Southern Tropical Plants Research Unit, Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Technology and Community Development, Thaksin University, Pa Phayom, Phatthalung Thailand P.O. 93210
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate yield and yield components in 15 lines of okra under chemical (inorganic) and organic agricultural systems during two seasons (2011 - 2012). The results showed that there were highly significant (p=0.01) pods/plant, yield/plant and 100 seed weight in different lines of okra. The highest number of quality pods was found in Lucky file 473 line: approximately 69.11and 52.46 pods/plant under chemical and organic agricultural systems, respectively. The lowest number of quality pods was observed in OP line: approximately 30.90 pods/plant under the chemical agricultural system and 16.64 pods/plant under the organic agricultural system. Moreover, Lucky file 473 produced the highest yield (49.79 T.ha-1) under the chemical agricultural system. OP under the organic agricultural system produced the lowest yield (19.66 T.ha-1). However, the number of quality pods/plant and yield/plant under chemical agricultural systems was higher than organic agricultural systems in all lines.
Pages 968-975 | Full Text PDF
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Normalized difference spectral indices and partial least squares regression to assess the yield and yield components of peanut
Salah Elsayed*, Mohamed Elhoweity, Urs Schmidhalter
Evaluation of Natural Resources Department, Environmental Studies and Research Institute, Sadat City University, Egypt
Chair of Plant Nutrition, Department of Plant Sciences, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, D-85350 Freising, Germany
Abstract
In this study, the performance of hyperspectral passive reflectance sensing was tested at three growth stages, the beginning of pod development and at 50% and 80% pod development, to assess their relationship to the pod yield, seed protein content, seed oil content, and straw yield of peanut cultivars Two peanut cultivars, Giza 5 and Giza 6, were grown under field conditions and subjected to three levels of nitrogen application. Simple linear regression and partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were compared to analyse the spectral data. The closest relationships were obtained for the spectral index (R610 - R424)/(R610 + R424) with the pod yield (R2 = 0.70, significant at p = 0.001), as well as the straw yield (R2 = 0.53, significant at p = 0.001) and the protein content (R2 = 0.69, significant at p = 0.001. For the relationships between PLSR with the pod yield, protein content and oil content and the straw yield of peanut cultivars, the coefficients of determination reached values up to R2 = 0.82 (significant at p = 0.001) through the individual measurements.
Pages 976-986 | Full Text PDF
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Using MB-4 rock powder, poultry litter biochar, silicate and calcium carbonate to amend different soil types
Jacqueline da Silva Mendes, Lúcia Helena Garófalo Chaves*, Josely Dantas Fernandes, Iêde de Brito Chaves
Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Av. Aprigio Veloso, 882, CEP 58429-900, Campina Grande, Estado da Paraíba, Brasil
Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Sítio Imbaúba, sn, Zona Rural, CEP 58117-000, Lagoa Seca, Estado da Paraíba, Brasil
Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Rural, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Campus II, Areia, Estado da Paraiba, Brasil
Abstract
This laboratory experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different materials on Ultisol, Oxisol and Entisol pH, as corrective material to amend acidity of acid soils, compared to common application of calcium carbonate and steel slag. The treatments consisted of four corrective agents: rock powder, MB-4, poultry litter biochars, silicate and calcium carbonate, evaluated by the base saturation method, with correction levels from 40 to 80% for Ultisol and Entisol and from 20 to 80% for Oxisol and in three replicates. After the incubation period the soil samples were chemically analyzed. The results of this study confirmed the effectiveness of poultry litter biochar, MB-4, silicate and calcium carbonate for improving the chemical properties of Ultisol, Oxisol and Entisol. The sequence order of greater efficiency in the neutralization of the acidity of the soil was calcium carbonate > silicate > MB-4 >biochar.
Pages 987-995 | Full Text PDF
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Evaluation of genetic diversity in acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) genotypes using AFLP markers
Shahin Jahangirzadeh Khiavi, Yousef Hamidoghli*, Behroz Golein, Atefeh Sabouri
Department of Horticultural Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
Citrus Research Institute of Iran, Ramsar, Iran
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
Abstract
Citrus is one of the most important crops of sub-tropical regions worldwide, including acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia). AFLP data analysis revealed the presence of 126 scorable bands which revealed % 69.84 polymorphism. The number of amplified bands for each primer combination was recorded as 26-37 (with an average of 22 bands for each primer combination). The measured polymorphic information content (PIC) had an average of 0.48. The range of similarity was between 0.24 and 0.96. Minimum similarity was found between sweet lime (Citrus limetta) and D8 genotype, while the maximum observed between two genotypes of Minaab region. Samples were not separated using cluster analysis regionally. Instead, samples of Minaab region revealed high level of genetic similarity with one another, in comparison to samples of Manoojan and Darab regions. This is due to limited citrus varieties throughout the region. Using these markers, remarkable genetic diversities between genotypes of acid lime were found. Results showed that Iranian acid lime genotypes have high level of genetic diversity because they are sexually propagated.
Pages 996-1002 | Full Text PDF
Cláudia Amaral Cruz, Arthur Bernardes Cecílio Filho*, Natália Barreto Meneses, Tatiana Pagan Loeiro da Cunha, Rodrigo Hiyoshi Dalmazzo Nowaki, José Carlos Barbosa
Department of Plant Production, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
Department of Exact Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
Abstract
We conducted an irrigated field experiment in an acric and eutrophic Latosol soil to verify the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization on sweet corn (GSS 41243) productivity and industrial revenue. The treatment replicates were distributed in a 6 × 2 factorial randomized complete block design at six dose levels of N (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 kg ha-1) and two dose-parceling procedures, P1 and P2. The doses of N fertilizer were applied in P1 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 49 days after sowing and in P2 0, 14, 28, and 42 days after sowing. The dose of 300 kg N ha-1 produced the highest total yield of sweet corn and marketable ears. The dose of 188 kg N ha-1, however, produced the highest industrial revenue of 0.239 g of grains kg-1 of ears. The parceling of the N doses in eight or four applications did not affect the productivity or the industrial revenue of the sweet corn.
Pages 895-900 | Full Text PDF
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Silicon (Si) ameliorates the gas exchange and reduces negative impacts on photosynthetic pigments in maize plants under Zinc (Zn) toxicity
Lucélia de Sousa Paula, Bianca do Carmo Silva, Wrielle Cordeiro Silva de Pinho, Maria Antonia Machado Barbosa, Elaine Maria Silva Guedes-Lobato, Fabiana Roberta Segura, Bruno Lemos Batista, Fernando Barbosa Júnior, Allan Klynger da Silva Lobato*
Núcleo de Pesquisa Vegetal Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Paragominas, Brazil
Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
Abstract
This research aimed to (i) measure oxidative stress, (ii) evaluate the responses on gas exchange, (iii) determinate the repercussion on photosynthetic pigments, and (iv) respond if application of exogenous silicon (Si) is efficient to attenuate negative impact on maize plants exposed to Zn toxicity. The Zn application produced increases in hydrogen peroxide and electrolyte leakage to both tissues, confirming the effects of toxicity. The Zn toxicity + Si presented significant increases of 33.3, 25.2, 15 and 9.8% to stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and water use efficiency, respectively, compared to Zn-only treatment. The total, a and b chlorophyll and carotenoids presented non-significant increases, when compared to plants exposed to Zn toxicity. This study revealed the positive contribution of the Si on gas exchange and reduction of the negative effects provoked on chlorophylls and carotenoids in maize plants under Zn toxicity.
Pages 901-908 | Full Text PDF
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Tractor performance in function of storage period and different proportions of biodiesel and diesel
Melina Cais Jejcic de Oliveira*, Afonso Lopes, Leomar Paulo de Lima, Murilo Coelho Theodoro Neves, Priscila Sawasaki Yamaguti, Thyago Augusto Medeiros Lira, Thaisa Calvo Fugineri Moreti, Gilberto Hirotsugu Azevedo Koike
Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Laboratório BIOEM, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n 14884-900 - Jaboticabal-SP, Brazil
Instituto Federal do Triangulo Mineiro, Uberlândia-MG, Brazil
Consultor Autônomo
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the operational performance and the smoke density of the tractor operating on biodiesel from castor oil. The factors studied were the storage period and biodiesel/diesel blend proportion. The fuel storage periods was zero, three and six months after the date of production and biodiesel/diesel blend proportions were 0% of biodiesel (B0), 5% of biodiesel (B5), 25% of biodiesel (B25), 50% of biodiesel (B50) and 100% of biodiesel (B100). The results showed an increase in the specific fuel consumption from the blend with 25% biodiesel, however, the storage period had no effect on consumption. Smoke density was reduced with the addition of 5% biodiesel, noting that the storage period influenced this variable.
Pages 909-914 | Full Text PDF
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Growth, yield and nutrition of sugarcane ratoon as affected by potassium in a mechanized harvesting system
Márcio Alexandre Pancelli, Renato de Melo Prado, Rilner Alves Flores*, Hilário Júnior de Almeida, Leandro Rosatto Moda, Jonas Pereira de Souza Junior
Department of Soils and Fertilizers. Paulista State University, CEP 14884-900 - Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
Department of Soils. College of Agriculture. Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of K fertilizer on vegetative growth, mineral nutrition, straw yield and technological quality; i.e., levels of total soluble solids, industry fiber (bagasse), apparent sucrose, juice purity, and reducing sugars in a ratoon sugarcane grown in Oxisol in a mechanized harvesting system. The rate of 195 kg ha-1 of K2O increased in 279, 78, 142 and 29% the K exchangeable content in the 0-20 and 20-40 cm layers at 180 and 360 DAS, respectively, increased soil potassium availability and promoted higher absorption of nutrients by plants, reaching 9.8 g kg-1 in leaves; i.e. 22.6% higher compared to the control treatment. The higher absorption of potassium was reflected on yield gain of 28.6% with 147.5 kg ha-1 of K2O. Therefore, 130 kg ha-1 of K2O is the most appropriate rate for the production of stalks of sugarcane grown in an Oxisol within the range evaluated. This rate kept potassium nutritional status very close to the adequate and promoted its accumulation in stalks at levels considered satisfactory to reach high yields in the first ratoon. Potassium fertilization had little effect in the technological quality.
Pages 915-924 | Full Text PDF
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Effects of desiccation with glyphosate on two common bean cultivars: physiology and cooking quality of the harvested product
Mariana Casari Parreira, Leandro Borges Lemos, João Portugal, Pedro Luis da Costa Aguiar Alves*
College of Agricultural and Natural Science - FCAN-UFPA, CEP 68400-000, Cametá, PA, Brazil
Department of Plant Production - FCAV-UNESP, CEP 14844-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
Department of Biosciences - ESA- IPBeja, CP 7800-295, Beja, Portugal
Department of Applied Biology - FCAV-UNESP, CEP 14844-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of glyphosate when used on two bean cultivars for the desiccation of weeds during the pre-harvest period and the consequences on the physiologic characteristics and cooking quality of the harvested product. The treatments did not affect productivity, 100-bean weight, electric conductivity, accelerated aging, cooking time, or bean hydration. However, higher glyphosate doses negatively affected first count value, index of emergence speed, and seedling dry mass. The use of the herbicide glyphosate up to a rate of 1,080 g a.e. ha-1 as a desiccant against weeds in the pre-harvest period is possible for the bean market. However, if the harvested product is destined for the planting of a new crop, caution should be observed with the use of this herbicide.
Pages 925-930 | Full Text PDF
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Genetic diversity among crabgrass weed ecotypes (Digitaria spp.) occurring in field crops in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Lisiane Camponogara Fontana, Dirceu Agostinetto, Ana Claudia Langaro*, Luis Willian Pacheco Arge, Jader Job Franco, Valmor João Bianchi
Federal University of Pelotas, Plant Protection Department, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
Federal University of Pelotas, Plant Breeding Department, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
Federal University of Pelotas, Plant Physiology Department, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
Abstract
The aim of the study was to use amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to evaluate the genetic similarity among ecotypes of crabgrass (Digitaria spp.) from areas cultivated with rice and soybeans from different agricultural regions of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. Of the 171 ecotypes that were listed and classified by morphological traits, 34 were selected based on the geographic distribution criteria, and species diversity was assessed by AFLP. Genetic similarity among individuals was estimated using simple matching (SM) coefficients, and a dendrogram was constructed based on these data. The similarity among all ecotypes, including six different species, was 83%. When the species were analyzed separately, we found 86% similarity among the ecotypes of D. ciliaris and 89% among those of D. sanguinalis. Due to geographic distance, the lowest genetic similarity was found between the ecotypes D. tenata from Cachoeira do Sul and D. eriostachya from Itaqui. The ecotypes from upland areas were more similar than those from paddy fields. For D. ciliaris, the lowest genetic similarity was found between the ecotypes originating from Itaqui and Viamão. Higher genetic similarity of D. sanguinalis ecotypes was observed between Arroio Grande and Dom Pedrito. Knowledge of the genetic diversity of weed populations is essential for the management and control of weeds.
Pages 931-939 | Full Text PDF
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Evaluation of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes reveals great genetic variability and potential selection gain
Matoso Francisco Avijala, Leonardo Lopes Bhering, Leonardo de Azevedo Peixoto*, Cosme Damião Cruz, Pedro Crescêncio Souza Carneiro, Constantino Estevão Cuambe, Anabela Zacarias
Institute of Agricultural Research of Mozambique - IIAM, Avenida das FPLM nr. 1698, Caixa Postal nr. 3598-Maputo- Moçambique
Genetics and Breeding, CNPq Scholarship, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Minas Gerais-36570-000, Brazil
Departament of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa Campus, Minas Gerais-36570-900, Brazil
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters of cassava in order to contribute in the orientation of selection strategies of breeding programs in cassava. In this sense, genetic and phenotypic variances, heritability coefficient, coefficients of genetic and phenotypic correlation, and expected gains from selection were estimated. Twenty-one genotypes of cassava collected from Mozambique were evaluated in a complete randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications for one year. The ratio of genetic and environmental variation coefficients was higher than 1 for 6 of the 8 evaluated traits. These same traits presented high values for heritability, indicating that most of the observed variation is of genetic nature. The genotypic correlations were higher than the phenotypic correlations in all cases. It was possible to identify positive and highly significant genetic correlations among SBW vs. TRY (rg = 0.85), and NRP vs. TRY (rg = 0.94).
Pages 940-947 | Full Text PDF
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Application of Thidiazuron (TDZ) for in vitro multiplication of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) and profile of volatile compounds
Ivan Caldeira Almeida Alvarenga*, Sâmia Torres Silva, Suzan Kelly Vilela Bertolucci, José Eduardo Brasil Pereira Pinto, Fernanda Ventorim Pacheco
Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos e Plantas Medicinais, Departamento de Agricultura, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
Abstract
This study evaluated in vitro multiplication and volatile production of yarrow (A. millefolium L.) a medicinal plant, with different Thidiazuron (TDZ) concentrations. Explants with 10 mm length were inoculated into flasks containing 40 mL of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 mg L-1 TDZ, and the control without the regulator. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicates per treatment. At 45 days of culture, the number of shoots, shoot length and dry mass of shoots were evaluated. It was also checked the changes of the volatile constituents of leaves, in all treatments and plants within 30 and 75 days in MS free-hormone medium. The volatiles of leaves were analyzed by headspace-GC/MS. The application of 0.75 mg L-1 of TDZ showed the best combination of variables number, length and dry mass of shoots. Regarding volatile compounds, 32 constituents were identified, and the major constituents in all treatments were sabinene, 1.8-cineole, borneol, ß-caryophyllene and ß-cubebene. It was observed significant changes in the profile, number and contents of the constituents with presence of TDZ.
Pages 948-953 | Full Text PDF
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Salt balance in substrate and growth of ‘Tahiti’ acid lime grafted onto Sunki mandarin hybrids under salinity stress
Marcos Eric Barbosa Brito, Elaine Cristina Batista da Silva, Pedro Dantas Fernandes, Walter dos Santos Soares Filho, Maurício Antônio Coelho Filho, Francisco Vanies da Silva Sá, Alberto Soares de Melo, Roberta Chaiene Almeida Barbosa
Academic Unit of Agricultural Science, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Pombal, Paraiba, Brazil
Unit of Biology, Paraiba State University, Campina Grande, Paraiba, Brazil
Embrapa Cassava & Fruit, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
Abstract
The effect of saline water irrigation on plant formation of 'Tahiti' acid lime [C. latifolia (Yu. Tanaka) Tanaka] seedings grafted on six rootstock genotypes of hybrid Sunki mandarin [C. sunki (Hayata) hort. ex Tanaka] was evaluated. Plants were evaluated for salt tolerance and the mineral balance in the plant cultivation substrate 300 days after seeding. The chemical contents of the soil and the total plant dry matter for the scion-rootstock combinations were determined. The increase in electrical conductivity of the irrigation water resulted in the accumulation of minerals in the substrate. The common hybrid of 'Sunki' mandarin (TSKC) × (Rangpur lime × Poncirus trifoliata) - 040 is the most tolerant to the salinity of irrigation water. The TSKC x 'Troyer' citrange - 012 hybrid is the most sensitive. Water with an electrical conductivity greater than 2.4 dS m-1 is not recommended for use with ‘Tahiti’ acid lime grafted on rootstocks.
Pages 954-961 | Full Text PDF
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Organic compost and potassium top dressing fertilization on production and quality of beetroot
Felipe Oliveira Magro, Ewerton Gasparetto da Silva, William Hiroshi Suekane Takata, Antonio Ismael Inácio Cardoso*, Dirceu Maximino Fernandes, Regina Marta Evangelista
UNESP - São Paulo State University, Department of Horticulture, Caixa Postal 237, 18603-970, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate the production and quality of beetroot under different rates of organic compost at planting and K top dressing fertilization. The K top dressing fertilization did not affect the production traits; however, it increases the contents of K in shoot and root and the contents of non-reducing and total sugars. The rates of the compost do not affect the quality traits, but the rate of 49 t ha-1 resulted in the maximum root yield estimated in 43 t ha-1 of roots.
Pages 962-967 | Full Text PDF
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Effects of chemical and organic agricultural systems for okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) production in Thailand
Sorapong Benchasri*
Southern Tropical Plants Research Unit, Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Technology and Community Development, Thaksin University, Pa Phayom, Phatthalung Thailand P.O. 93210
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate yield and yield components in 15 lines of okra under chemical (inorganic) and organic agricultural systems during two seasons (2011 - 2012). The results showed that there were highly significant (p=0.01) pods/plant, yield/plant and 100 seed weight in different lines of okra. The highest number of quality pods was found in Lucky file 473 line: approximately 69.11and 52.46 pods/plant under chemical and organic agricultural systems, respectively. The lowest number of quality pods was observed in OP line: approximately 30.90 pods/plant under the chemical agricultural system and 16.64 pods/plant under the organic agricultural system. Moreover, Lucky file 473 produced the highest yield (49.79 T.ha-1) under the chemical agricultural system. OP under the organic agricultural system produced the lowest yield (19.66 T.ha-1). However, the number of quality pods/plant and yield/plant under chemical agricultural systems was higher than organic agricultural systems in all lines.
Pages 968-975 | Full Text PDF
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Normalized difference spectral indices and partial least squares regression to assess the yield and yield components of peanut
Salah Elsayed*, Mohamed Elhoweity, Urs Schmidhalter
Evaluation of Natural Resources Department, Environmental Studies and Research Institute, Sadat City University, Egypt
Chair of Plant Nutrition, Department of Plant Sciences, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str. 2, D-85350 Freising, Germany
Abstract
In this study, the performance of hyperspectral passive reflectance sensing was tested at three growth stages, the beginning of pod development and at 50% and 80% pod development, to assess their relationship to the pod yield, seed protein content, seed oil content, and straw yield of peanut cultivars Two peanut cultivars, Giza 5 and Giza 6, were grown under field conditions and subjected to three levels of nitrogen application. Simple linear regression and partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were compared to analyse the spectral data. The closest relationships were obtained for the spectral index (R610 - R424)/(R610 + R424) with the pod yield (R2 = 0.70, significant at p = 0.001), as well as the straw yield (R2 = 0.53, significant at p = 0.001) and the protein content (R2 = 0.69, significant at p = 0.001. For the relationships between PLSR with the pod yield, protein content and oil content and the straw yield of peanut cultivars, the coefficients of determination reached values up to R2 = 0.82 (significant at p = 0.001) through the individual measurements.
Pages 976-986 | Full Text PDF
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Using MB-4 rock powder, poultry litter biochar, silicate and calcium carbonate to amend different soil types
Jacqueline da Silva Mendes, Lúcia Helena Garófalo Chaves*, Josely Dantas Fernandes, Iêde de Brito Chaves
Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Av. Aprigio Veloso, 882, CEP 58429-900, Campina Grande, Estado da Paraíba, Brasil
Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Sítio Imbaúba, sn, Zona Rural, CEP 58117-000, Lagoa Seca, Estado da Paraíba, Brasil
Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Rural, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Campus II, Areia, Estado da Paraiba, Brasil
Abstract
This laboratory experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different materials on Ultisol, Oxisol and Entisol pH, as corrective material to amend acidity of acid soils, compared to common application of calcium carbonate and steel slag. The treatments consisted of four corrective agents: rock powder, MB-4, poultry litter biochars, silicate and calcium carbonate, evaluated by the base saturation method, with correction levels from 40 to 80% for Ultisol and Entisol and from 20 to 80% for Oxisol and in three replicates. After the incubation period the soil samples were chemically analyzed. The results of this study confirmed the effectiveness of poultry litter biochar, MB-4, silicate and calcium carbonate for improving the chemical properties of Ultisol, Oxisol and Entisol. The sequence order of greater efficiency in the neutralization of the acidity of the soil was calcium carbonate > silicate > MB-4 >biochar.
Pages 987-995 | Full Text PDF
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Evaluation of genetic diversity in acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) genotypes using AFLP markers
Shahin Jahangirzadeh Khiavi, Yousef Hamidoghli*, Behroz Golein, Atefeh Sabouri
Department of Horticultural Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
Citrus Research Institute of Iran, Ramsar, Iran
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
Abstract
Citrus is one of the most important crops of sub-tropical regions worldwide, including acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia). AFLP data analysis revealed the presence of 126 scorable bands which revealed % 69.84 polymorphism. The number of amplified bands for each primer combination was recorded as 26-37 (with an average of 22 bands for each primer combination). The measured polymorphic information content (PIC) had an average of 0.48. The range of similarity was between 0.24 and 0.96. Minimum similarity was found between sweet lime (Citrus limetta) and D8 genotype, while the maximum observed between two genotypes of Minaab region. Samples were not separated using cluster analysis regionally. Instead, samples of Minaab region revealed high level of genetic similarity with one another, in comparison to samples of Manoojan and Darab regions. This is due to limited citrus varieties throughout the region. Using these markers, remarkable genetic diversities between genotypes of acid lime were found. Results showed that Iranian acid lime genotypes have high level of genetic diversity because they are sexually propagated.
Pages 996-1002 | Full Text PDF
