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March 2009 issue
Articles
March 2009
Table of Contents
Stress-induced changes of methylglyoxal level and glyoxalase I activity in pumpkin seedlings and cDNA cloning of glyoxalase I gene
Mohammad Anwar Hossain, Mohammad Zakir Hossain and Masayuki Fujita
Abstract
Abiotic stresses cause extensive losses to agricultural production worldwide. In this study, the effects of various abiotic stresses on the upregulation of methylglyoxal levels and glyoxalase I activities in pumpkin seedlings (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) were investigated. Most of the stresses caused significant increases in methylglyoxal level and glyoxalase I activity, white light causing the highest induction followed by salinity, chemical, drought, and heavy metal stresses. We showed that accumulation of methylglyoxal in plants under various stressful conditions is a common phenomenon, and methylglyoxal could therefore act as a signal for plants to respond to stress. The stress-induced increases in methylglyoxal level, glyoxalase I activity and Gly I transcript found in the present study suggest an important role of glyoxalase I in conferring tolerance to plants under stress conditions and showed that the glyoxalase pathway is the main detoxification pathway of methylglyoxal in plants. The multistress response of glyoxalase I gene indicates its future utility in developing tolerance to various stresses in crop plants. A cDNA encoding glyoxalase I has been isolated, subcloned and nucleotide sequence was determined. The pumpkin glyoxalase I cDNA consists of 975-bp nucleotides encoding a polypeptide of 185 amino acids having a predicted molecular weight of 20,772.14 Da. Based on the number of amino acids, it is categorized as short-type glyoxalase I and the nucleotide sequence of pumpkin glyoxalase I showed significant homology with other known glyoxalase I sequences of plants.
Keywords: abiotic stress; methylglyoxal; glyoxalase I; Cucurbita maxima; cDNA cloning.
(Pages 53-64) PDF Text
Evaluation of selection criteria in Cicer arietinum L. using correlation coefficients and path analysis
Muhammad Amjad Ali, Nausherwan Nobel Nawab, Amjad Abbas, M. Zulkiffal and M. Sajjad
Abstract
The study pertaining to the evaluation of selection criteria in chickpea using correlation coefficients and path analysis was carried out in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad for a period of two years. Experimental material comprised of twenty chickpea genotypes. The genotypes demonstrated highly significant differences (P<0.01) for all the traits studied. The results of correlation analysis revealed that that grain yield plant-1 had significant genotypic and highly significant phenotypic relationship with primary branches, pods plant-1, seeds plant-1, seeds pod-1 and total biological yield. The path coefficient analysis based on grain yield plant-1, as a dependent variable, exposed that all of the other traits, except days to flowering, days to maturity and secondary branches exhibited positive direct effects. The path analysis confirmed that biological yield followed by number of seeds pod-1, 100-grain weight, had the maximum positive direct influence on grain yield plant-1. Therefore, this study suggests that chickpea improvement progarmme could be based on these characters as selection criteria.
Keywords: Chickpea; Correlation coefficients; Path analysis; Selection criteria; Grain yield
(Pages 65-70) PDF Text
Species factor and evapotranspiration for an Ash (Fraxinus rotundifolia) and Cypress (Cupressus arizonica) in an arid region
B. Mostafazadeh-Fard , M. Heidarpour and S. E. Hashemi
Abstract
The determination of crop coefficients (species factor) and evapotranspiration are important for estimating irrigation water requirements in order to have better irrigation scheduling and water management. The aim of this study was to determine the species factor and evapotranspiration for a reference crop of grass (Lolium perenne) and for two typical landscape crops of Ash (Fraxinus rotundifolia) and Cypress (Cupressus arizonica) using field drainage lysimeters in an arid region of Isfahan in central part of Iran. The potential evapotranspiration was estimated using nine different common methods. Among these methods, the FAO-Radiation, Turc-Radiation-Grass and FAO-Blaney-Criddle methods showed very close agreement with the lysimeter data. The Penman-Monteith 56 and FAO-Corrected-Penman methods showed moderate agreement with the lysimeter data. The Hargreaves, Priestley-Taylor, Makkink 1957 and Penman-Kimberley did not show close agreement with the lysimeter data. The adjustment factors were suggested to overlap the estimated values to the lysimetric values. The values of the species factor for Ash for four different growth stages (first-stage, crop-development, reproductive stage and late-season) were 0.24, 0.56, 0.73 and 0.37, respectively. The values of the species factor for Cypress for the above four different growth stages were 0.32, 0.44, 0.58 and 0.34.
Keywords: Crop water requirement; lysimeter; Ash; Cypress
(Pages 71-82) PDF Text
Effects of daminozide on somatic embryogenesis from immature and mature embryos of wheat
Dmitry Miroshnichenko, Mikhail Filippov, Sergey Dolgov.
Abstract
The influence of daminozide, an inhibitor of gibberellins biosynthesis, on the somatic embryogenesis in immature and mature embryo derived from tissue cultures of wheat was investigated. Low concentrations of daminozide (0.064-0.127 mM) positively affected the somatic embryogenic capacity of immature embryos (cv. ‘Andros’) cultured on the medium supplemented with either 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or dicamba or para chlorophenoxyacetic acid (p-CPA). The higher concentration of daminozide (0.51-1.02 mM) reduced the regeneration of shoots. The modification of exogenous/endogenous ratio of gibberellins by application of exogenous GA3 did not remove the effect of daminozide. On the contrary, its combination with GA3 inhibited the somatic embryogenesis and resulted in the supression of the development of somatic embryos. The supplement of 0.127 mM daminozide to 2,4-D containing medium increased the embryogenic competence of immature embryos of 11 Russian spring and winter varieties. For ten varieties the number of shoots produced per callus did not differ statistically from the control medium; one variety showed the increase of shoot number. In contrast with immature wheat embryos, mature ones (cv. Tajoznaja) did not response to daminozide supplementation either of the inductive or the different- tiative media. The present observations provide a method to increase the embryogenesis efficiency for wheat commercial varieties which immature embryos display low embryogenic potential.
Keywords: Triticum aestivum L.; embryogenic callus; plant regeneration; inhibitor of gibberellins biosynthesis; gibberellic acid.
(Pages 83-94) PDF Text
Physical properties of apricot to characterize best post harvesting options
E.Mirzaee, S. Rafiee, A.Keyhani and Z. Emam Djom-eh
Abstract
Some physical properties of three apricot varieties (Nasiry Rajabali, and Ghavami) fruits are presented in this study. These properties are necessary for the design of equipment for harvesting, processing, transporting, separating, packing and storage processes. Technological properties such as physical characteristics (linear dimensions, mass, volume, and so on), elasticity modulus, and hydrodynamic characteristics (terminal velocity, drag force, and so on) were determined at 79.61 %( Nasiry), 84.17 %(Rajabali) and 79.84 % (Ghavami) moisture content. The mean values of length, width, thickness, sphericity, mass, elasticity modulus, terminal velocity and drag force of three different apricot fruits were established between 36.94-48.51 mm, 34.11-43.32 mm, 31.65-40.84mm, 0.84-0.94, 25.56-53.69 g, 0.32-0.53 M Pa, 0.17-0.21 ms-1 and 0.01-0.08 N, respectively.
Keywords: Drag force; elasticity modulus; fruit; sphericity; technological properties; terminal velocity; varieties.
(Pages 95-100) PDF Text
Studies of genetic polymorphism in the isolates of Fusarium solani
Vijai K. Gupta, Ashok. K. Misra, R. Gaur, R. Pandey and U.K.Chauhan
Abstract
Fusarium solani is the important pathogen causing wilt disease of guava in India. In the present investigation six representative isolate of Fusarium solani, collected from different places of India were subjected to analysis of genetic variability in terms of Carboxylesterases isozyme pattern and DNA polymorphism using RAPD-PCR. Pattern of Carboxylesterase revealed a similar isozyme cluster in the isolate namely, Allahabad (isolate-3), Faizabad, (isolate-4), Unnao (isolate-5) and Lucknow (isolate-6). Similar results were obtained when 10 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers (OPA1-OPA10) tested in the genome of Fusarium solani and grouped on basis of obtained allelic data. This pattern of genetic variability in the isolate was also supported by the analysis of the similarity indices and UPGMA dendrogram.
Keywords: Fusarium solani; Carboxylesterase; RAPD-PCR
(Pages 101-106) PDF Text
Evaluation of genetic diversity in soybean (Glycine max) lines using seed protein electrophoresis
M. Faisal Anwar Malik, Afsari S. Qureshi, Muhammad Ashraf, Muhammad Rashid Khan, and Asif Javed
Abstract
The genetic variation of seed protein was assayed by SDS-PAGE for ninety-two accessions of soybean (Glycine max). The germplasm represented five different origins/sources (Pakistan, USA, AVRDC, North Korea and Japan). To our knowledge, no studies have yet been made in Pakistan on the diversity of soybean germplasm based on protein electrophoresis.
On the basis of SDS-PAGE, 26 reproducible bands were used for analysis and genetic diversity was estimated based on the number of different protein peptides. Ten major bands were recorded out of total 26 bands detected, while 50% of total were polymorphic. Dendrogram constructed using Ward’s method divided the accessions in two main groups consisting of four clusters. The results of cluster analysis indicated that genetic diversity between Pakistani and US or AVRDC accessions is much larger that the genetic diversity between Pakistani and North Korean or Japanese accessions. Although cluster analysis completely separated most of the Pakistani accessions from USA and AVRDC accessions, but could not distinguish between the accessions from Japan and North Korea. As the accessions from various sources differed considerably, it was difficult to establish any relationship between origin and clustering pattern.
Keywords: Genetic variation; SDS-PAGE; protein electrophoresis; cluster analysis; soybean; Glycine max.
(Pages 107-112) PDF Text
Effect of harvesting and storage conditions on the post harvest quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) cv. Roma VF
K.M. Moneruzzaman, A.B.M S. Hossain, W. Sani, M. Saifuddin and M. Alenazi
Abstract
The study was conducted to undertake the effect of harvesting stage and storage conditions on the post harvest quality of tomato cv. Roma VF (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) during the process of ripening in storage. Fruit of three maturity stages such as mature green (mature but green in color), half ripen (breaker stage when fruit turns to yellow) and full ripen (yellow and soft, edible stage) were kept under three different conditions; open condition (control), covering with white polythene and finally treatment by CaC2+ polythene. High and significant variation was observed in quality characteristics under different harvesting stages, storage conditions and their combinations. The highest value for rotting and total sugar content was distinguished in full ripens tomato. The highest weight loss and shelf life was measured in mature green. The half ripen tomato showed the highest value of vitamin C and titrable acidity. The percentage of decay (rotting) and weight loss, pH, titrable acidity and total sugar were increased with gradual increasing of storage time, irrespective to maturity stages while the percentage of vitamin C was decreased with progressing time of storage. The highest value of weight loss, shelf life and titrable acidity was recorded in control treatment. The high decay (rotting percent) and total sugar content was recorded under CaC2+ polythene covering treatment while the highest vitamin C content and pH was measured in simple polythene covering treatment at the final observation day (15th day). The values of all parameters except for vitamin C were increased gradually with the exceeding of storage time irrespective to storage condition. Tomato plants placed under CaC2+ treatment, covered with polythene have shown the highest decay, titrable acidity and total sugar content at the final observation day.
Keywords: Maturity stage; storage condition; quality character; tomato.
(Pages 113-121) PDF Text
Table of Contents
Stress-induced changes of methylglyoxal level and glyoxalase I activity in pumpkin seedlings and cDNA cloning of glyoxalase I gene
Mohammad Anwar Hossain, Mohammad Zakir Hossain and Masayuki Fujita
Abstract
Abiotic stresses cause extensive losses to agricultural production worldwide. In this study, the effects of various abiotic stresses on the upregulation of methylglyoxal levels and glyoxalase I activities in pumpkin seedlings (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) were investigated. Most of the stresses caused significant increases in methylglyoxal level and glyoxalase I activity, white light causing the highest induction followed by salinity, chemical, drought, and heavy metal stresses. We showed that accumulation of methylglyoxal in plants under various stressful conditions is a common phenomenon, and methylglyoxal could therefore act as a signal for plants to respond to stress. The stress-induced increases in methylglyoxal level, glyoxalase I activity and Gly I transcript found in the present study suggest an important role of glyoxalase I in conferring tolerance to plants under stress conditions and showed that the glyoxalase pathway is the main detoxification pathway of methylglyoxal in plants. The multistress response of glyoxalase I gene indicates its future utility in developing tolerance to various stresses in crop plants. A cDNA encoding glyoxalase I has been isolated, subcloned and nucleotide sequence was determined. The pumpkin glyoxalase I cDNA consists of 975-bp nucleotides encoding a polypeptide of 185 amino acids having a predicted molecular weight of 20,772.14 Da. Based on the number of amino acids, it is categorized as short-type glyoxalase I and the nucleotide sequence of pumpkin glyoxalase I showed significant homology with other known glyoxalase I sequences of plants.
Keywords: abiotic stress; methylglyoxal; glyoxalase I; Cucurbita maxima; cDNA cloning.
(Pages 53-64) PDF Text
Evaluation of selection criteria in Cicer arietinum L. using correlation coefficients and path analysis
Muhammad Amjad Ali, Nausherwan Nobel Nawab, Amjad Abbas, M. Zulkiffal and M. Sajjad
Abstract
The study pertaining to the evaluation of selection criteria in chickpea using correlation coefficients and path analysis was carried out in the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad for a period of two years. Experimental material comprised of twenty chickpea genotypes. The genotypes demonstrated highly significant differences (P<0.01) for all the traits studied. The results of correlation analysis revealed that that grain yield plant-1 had significant genotypic and highly significant phenotypic relationship with primary branches, pods plant-1, seeds plant-1, seeds pod-1 and total biological yield. The path coefficient analysis based on grain yield plant-1, as a dependent variable, exposed that all of the other traits, except days to flowering, days to maturity and secondary branches exhibited positive direct effects. The path analysis confirmed that biological yield followed by number of seeds pod-1, 100-grain weight, had the maximum positive direct influence on grain yield plant-1. Therefore, this study suggests that chickpea improvement progarmme could be based on these characters as selection criteria.
Keywords: Chickpea; Correlation coefficients; Path analysis; Selection criteria; Grain yield
(Pages 65-70) PDF Text
Species factor and evapotranspiration for an Ash (Fraxinus rotundifolia) and Cypress (Cupressus arizonica) in an arid region
B. Mostafazadeh-Fard , M. Heidarpour and S. E. Hashemi
Abstract
The determination of crop coefficients (species factor) and evapotranspiration are important for estimating irrigation water requirements in order to have better irrigation scheduling and water management. The aim of this study was to determine the species factor and evapotranspiration for a reference crop of grass (Lolium perenne) and for two typical landscape crops of Ash (Fraxinus rotundifolia) and Cypress (Cupressus arizonica) using field drainage lysimeters in an arid region of Isfahan in central part of Iran. The potential evapotranspiration was estimated using nine different common methods. Among these methods, the FAO-Radiation, Turc-Radiation-Grass and FAO-Blaney-Criddle methods showed very close agreement with the lysimeter data. The Penman-Monteith 56 and FAO-Corrected-Penman methods showed moderate agreement with the lysimeter data. The Hargreaves, Priestley-Taylor, Makkink 1957 and Penman-Kimberley did not show close agreement with the lysimeter data. The adjustment factors were suggested to overlap the estimated values to the lysimetric values. The values of the species factor for Ash for four different growth stages (first-stage, crop-development, reproductive stage and late-season) were 0.24, 0.56, 0.73 and 0.37, respectively. The values of the species factor for Cypress for the above four different growth stages were 0.32, 0.44, 0.58 and 0.34.
Keywords: Crop water requirement; lysimeter; Ash; Cypress
(Pages 71-82) PDF Text
Effects of daminozide on somatic embryogenesis from immature and mature embryos of wheat
Dmitry Miroshnichenko, Mikhail Filippov, Sergey Dolgov.
Abstract
The influence of daminozide, an inhibitor of gibberellins biosynthesis, on the somatic embryogenesis in immature and mature embryo derived from tissue cultures of wheat was investigated. Low concentrations of daminozide (0.064-0.127 mM) positively affected the somatic embryogenic capacity of immature embryos (cv. ‘Andros’) cultured on the medium supplemented with either 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or dicamba or para chlorophenoxyacetic acid (p-CPA). The higher concentration of daminozide (0.51-1.02 mM) reduced the regeneration of shoots. The modification of exogenous/endogenous ratio of gibberellins by application of exogenous GA3 did not remove the effect of daminozide. On the contrary, its combination with GA3 inhibited the somatic embryogenesis and resulted in the supression of the development of somatic embryos. The supplement of 0.127 mM daminozide to 2,4-D containing medium increased the embryogenic competence of immature embryos of 11 Russian spring and winter varieties. For ten varieties the number of shoots produced per callus did not differ statistically from the control medium; one variety showed the increase of shoot number. In contrast with immature wheat embryos, mature ones (cv. Tajoznaja) did not response to daminozide supplementation either of the inductive or the different- tiative media. The present observations provide a method to increase the embryogenesis efficiency for wheat commercial varieties which immature embryos display low embryogenic potential.
Keywords: Triticum aestivum L.; embryogenic callus; plant regeneration; inhibitor of gibberellins biosynthesis; gibberellic acid.
(Pages 83-94) PDF Text
Physical properties of apricot to characterize best post harvesting options
E.Mirzaee, S. Rafiee, A.Keyhani and Z. Emam Djom-eh
Abstract
Some physical properties of three apricot varieties (Nasiry Rajabali, and Ghavami) fruits are presented in this study. These properties are necessary for the design of equipment for harvesting, processing, transporting, separating, packing and storage processes. Technological properties such as physical characteristics (linear dimensions, mass, volume, and so on), elasticity modulus, and hydrodynamic characteristics (terminal velocity, drag force, and so on) were determined at 79.61 %( Nasiry), 84.17 %(Rajabali) and 79.84 % (Ghavami) moisture content. The mean values of length, width, thickness, sphericity, mass, elasticity modulus, terminal velocity and drag force of three different apricot fruits were established between 36.94-48.51 mm, 34.11-43.32 mm, 31.65-40.84mm, 0.84-0.94, 25.56-53.69 g, 0.32-0.53 M Pa, 0.17-0.21 ms-1 and 0.01-0.08 N, respectively.
Keywords: Drag force; elasticity modulus; fruit; sphericity; technological properties; terminal velocity; varieties.
(Pages 95-100) PDF Text
Studies of genetic polymorphism in the isolates of Fusarium solani
Vijai K. Gupta, Ashok. K. Misra, R. Gaur, R. Pandey and U.K.Chauhan
Abstract
Fusarium solani is the important pathogen causing wilt disease of guava in India. In the present investigation six representative isolate of Fusarium solani, collected from different places of India were subjected to analysis of genetic variability in terms of Carboxylesterases isozyme pattern and DNA polymorphism using RAPD-PCR. Pattern of Carboxylesterase revealed a similar isozyme cluster in the isolate namely, Allahabad (isolate-3), Faizabad, (isolate-4), Unnao (isolate-5) and Lucknow (isolate-6). Similar results were obtained when 10 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers (OPA1-OPA10) tested in the genome of Fusarium solani and grouped on basis of obtained allelic data. This pattern of genetic variability in the isolate was also supported by the analysis of the similarity indices and UPGMA dendrogram.
Keywords: Fusarium solani; Carboxylesterase; RAPD-PCR
(Pages 101-106) PDF Text
Evaluation of genetic diversity in soybean (Glycine max) lines using seed protein electrophoresis
M. Faisal Anwar Malik, Afsari S. Qureshi, Muhammad Ashraf, Muhammad Rashid Khan, and Asif Javed
Abstract
The genetic variation of seed protein was assayed by SDS-PAGE for ninety-two accessions of soybean (Glycine max). The germplasm represented five different origins/sources (Pakistan, USA, AVRDC, North Korea and Japan). To our knowledge, no studies have yet been made in Pakistan on the diversity of soybean germplasm based on protein electrophoresis.
On the basis of SDS-PAGE, 26 reproducible bands were used for analysis and genetic diversity was estimated based on the number of different protein peptides. Ten major bands were recorded out of total 26 bands detected, while 50% of total were polymorphic. Dendrogram constructed using Ward’s method divided the accessions in two main groups consisting of four clusters. The results of cluster analysis indicated that genetic diversity between Pakistani and US or AVRDC accessions is much larger that the genetic diversity between Pakistani and North Korean or Japanese accessions. Although cluster analysis completely separated most of the Pakistani accessions from USA and AVRDC accessions, but could not distinguish between the accessions from Japan and North Korea. As the accessions from various sources differed considerably, it was difficult to establish any relationship between origin and clustering pattern.
Keywords: Genetic variation; SDS-PAGE; protein electrophoresis; cluster analysis; soybean; Glycine max.
(Pages 107-112) PDF Text
Effect of harvesting and storage conditions on the post harvest quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) cv. Roma VF
K.M. Moneruzzaman, A.B.M S. Hossain, W. Sani, M. Saifuddin and M. Alenazi
Abstract
The study was conducted to undertake the effect of harvesting stage and storage conditions on the post harvest quality of tomato cv. Roma VF (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) during the process of ripening in storage. Fruit of three maturity stages such as mature green (mature but green in color), half ripen (breaker stage when fruit turns to yellow) and full ripen (yellow and soft, edible stage) were kept under three different conditions; open condition (control), covering with white polythene and finally treatment by CaC2+ polythene. High and significant variation was observed in quality characteristics under different harvesting stages, storage conditions and their combinations. The highest value for rotting and total sugar content was distinguished in full ripens tomato. The highest weight loss and shelf life was measured in mature green. The half ripen tomato showed the highest value of vitamin C and titrable acidity. The percentage of decay (rotting) and weight loss, pH, titrable acidity and total sugar were increased with gradual increasing of storage time, irrespective to maturity stages while the percentage of vitamin C was decreased with progressing time of storage. The highest value of weight loss, shelf life and titrable acidity was recorded in control treatment. The high decay (rotting percent) and total sugar content was recorded under CaC2+ polythene covering treatment while the highest vitamin C content and pH was measured in simple polythene covering treatment at the final observation day (15th day). The values of all parameters except for vitamin C were increased gradually with the exceeding of storage time irrespective to storage condition. Tomato plants placed under CaC2+ treatment, covered with polythene have shown the highest decay, titrable acidity and total sugar content at the final observation day.
Keywords: Maturity stage; storage condition; quality character; tomato.
(Pages 113-121) PDF Text
Southern Cross Publisher©2009
